Cov roj tseem ceeb ua ke rau cov neeg laus ua rau muaj kev lom ntawm permethrin tawm tsam Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) |

Hauv ib qhov project yav dhau los sim cov chaw ua zaub mov hauv zos rau cov yoov tshaj cum hauv Thaib teb, cov roj tseem ceeb (EOs) ntawm Cyperus rotundus, galangal thiab cinnamon tau pom tias muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum tawm tsam Aedes aegypti. Hauv kev sim txo kev siv cov tshuaj ib txwm muajtshuaj tua kabthiab txhim kho kev tswj cov kab tsuag uas tiv taus kab, txoj kev tshawb fawb no lub hom phiaj yog txheeb xyuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov teebmeem tua neeg laus ntawm ethylene oxide thiab kev lom ntawm permethrin rau Aedes yoov tshaj cum. aegypti, suav nrog cov kab mob pyrethroid thiab cov kab mob rhiab heev.
Txhawm rau soj ntsuam cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev tua kab mob ntawm EO rho tawm los ntawm cov rhizomes ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga thiab tawv ntoo ntawm C. verum tawm tsam cov kab mob Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) thiab cov kab mob Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R). ) Cov neeg laus nquag Ae. Aedes aegypti. Ib qho kev sim tshuaj bioassay ntawm cov neeg laus ntawm EO-permethrin sib xyaw kuj tau ua rau cov kab Aedes no kom nkag siab txog nws cov kev ua haujlwm synergistic. aegypti hom kab mob.
Kev siv txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas GC-MS qhia tau tias 48 lub tebchaw tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm EOs ntawm C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum, suav txog 80.22%, 86.75% thiab 97.24% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom, feem. Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), thiab cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cyperus roj, galangal roj, thiab balsamic roj, feem. Hauv kev sim tua tsiaj txhu, C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum EVs tau ua haujlwm zoo hauv kev tua Ae. aegypti, MCM-S thiab PMD-R LD50 tus nqi yog 10.05 thiab 9.57 μg / mg poj niam, 7.97 thiab 7.94 μg / mg poj niam, thiab 3.30 thiab 3.22 μg / mg poj niam, feem. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm MCM-S thiab PMD-R Ae hauv kev tua cov neeg laus. aegypti hauv cov EOs no ze rau piperonyl butoxide (PBO tus nqi, LD50 = 6.30 thiab 4.79 μg / mg poj niam, feem), tab sis tsis yog qhov hais tawm zoo li permethrin (LD50 tus nqi = 0.44 thiab 3.70 ng / mg poj niam feem). Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib xyaw ua ke bioassays pom synergy ntawm EO thiab permethrin. Synergism tseem ceeb nrog permethrin tawm tsam ob hom kab Aedes. Aedes aegypti tau sau tseg hauv EM ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga. Kev ntxiv ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj tau txo qis LD50 tus nqi ntawm permethrin ntawm MCM-S los ntawm 0.44 mus rau 0.07 ng / mg thiab 0.11 ng / mg hauv poj niam, feem, nrog synergy piv (SR) tus nqi ntawm 6.28 thiab 4.00 feem. Ntxiv rau, C. rotundus thiab A. galanga EOs kuj tseem txo qis LD50 tus nqi ntawm permethrin ntawm PMD-R los ntawm 3.70 mus rau 0.42 ng / mg thiab 0.003 ng / mg rau cov poj niam, feem, nrog SR tus nqi ntawm 8.81 thiab 1233.33, feem.
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm EO-permethrin ua ke los ua kom cov neeg laus muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li ob hom kab Aedes. Aedes aegypti ua lub luag haujlwm zoo rau ethylene oxide ua tus sib koom ua ke hauv kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov twg cov tshuaj ib txwm tsis ua haujlwm lossis tsis tsim nyog.
Tus kab Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) yog tus kab mob tseem ceeb uas ua rau mob dengue thiab lwm yam kab mob sib kis xws li mob yellow fever, chikungunya thiab Zika, ua rau muaj kev hem thawj loj heev rau tib neeg [1, 2]. . Kab mob Dengue yog tus kab mob hemorrhagic loj tshaj plaws uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg, nrog kwv yees li 5–100 lab tus neeg mob txhua xyoo thiab ntau dua 2.5 billion tus neeg thoob ntiaj teb muaj kev pheej hmoo [3]. Kev sib kis ntawm tus kab mob sib kis no ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab rau cov pej xeem, cov kab ke kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev lag luam ntawm feem ntau lub teb chaws sov [1]. Raws li Ministry of Health ntawm Thaib, muaj 142,925 tus neeg mob dengue fever thiab 141 tus neeg tuag tau tshaj tawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws hauv xyoo 2015, ntau dua peb npaug ntawm tus lej ntawm cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg tuag hauv xyoo 2014 [4]. Txawm hais tias muaj pov thawj keeb kwm, tus kab mob dengue fever tau raug tshem tawm lossis txo qis los ntawm tus kab Aedes. Tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm Aedes aegypti [5], tus nqi kis tau nce ntxiv thiab tus kab mob kis thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb, vim yog ib feem ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev sov ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Kev tshem tawm thiab tswj tus kab mob Ae. Aedes aegypti nyuaj heev vim nws yog tus kab mob uas kis tau los ntawm cov yoov hauv tsev uas sib yuav, noj mov, so thiab tso qe hauv thiab ib puag ncig tib neeg lub tsev thaum nruab hnub. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kab mob no muaj peev xwm hloov kho rau kev hloov pauv ib puag ncig lossis kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntuj tsim (xws li kev qhuav) lossis kev ntsuas kev tswj hwm tib neeg, thiab tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau nws cov lej qub [6, 7]. Vim tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob dengue fever nyuam qhuav tau pom zoo thiab tsis muaj kev kho mob tshwj xeeb rau tus kab mob dengue fever, kev tiv thaiv thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis tus kab mob dengue nyob ntawm kev tswj cov yoov thiab tshem tawm tib neeg kev sib cuag nrog cov kab mob.
Tshwj xeeb, kev siv cov tshuaj rau kev tswj yoov tshaj cum tam sim no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj hwm cov kab mob sib xyaw ua ke. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg nrov tshaj plaws suav nrog kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab uas tsis muaj tshuaj lom uas ua rau cov kab mob yoov tshaj cum (larvicides) thiab cov yoov tshaj cum laus (adidocides). Kev tswj cov kab mob los ntawm kev txo qhov chaw thiab kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob xws li organophosphates thiab cov tshuaj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm kab yog qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau ib puag ncig cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tua kab tsim thiab lawv cov kev saib xyuas ua haujlwm ntau thiab nyuaj tseem yog qhov txhawj xeeb loj [8, 9]. Kev tswj cov kab mob ib txwm muaj, xws li kev tswj cov neeg laus, tseem yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tswj hwm thaum muaj kev sib kis kab mob vim tias nws tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov kab mob sib kis sai thiab ntawm qhov loj, nrog rau txo lub neej thiab lub neej ntev ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos [3]., 10]. Plaub chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab: organochlorines (hu ua DDT xwb), organophosphates, carbamates, thiab pyrethroids tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov kev pab cuam tswj cov kab mob, nrog rau pyrethroids suav tias yog chav kawm ua tiav tshaj plaws. Lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntau yam kab mob arthropods thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm tsawg. lom rau cov tsiaj txhu. Tam sim no, cov tshuaj pyrethroids tsim feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab lag luam, suav txog li 25% ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj tua kab thoob ntiaj teb [11, 12]. Permethrin thiab deltamethrin yog cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid dav dav uas tau siv thoob ntiaj teb rau ntau xyoo los tswj ntau yam kab tsuag ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev kho mob tseem ceeb [13, 14]. Xyoo 1950, DDT tau raug xaiv los ua cov tshuaj xaiv rau Thaib teb txoj kev tswj hwm yoov tshaj cum hauv tebchaws. Tom qab kev siv DDT dav dav hauv thaj chaw muaj kab mob malaria, Thaib teb maj mam tshem tawm kev siv DDT ntawm xyoo 1995 thiab 2000 thiab hloov nws nrog ob hom pyrethroids: permethrin thiab deltamethrin [15, 16]. Cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid no tau qhia thaum ntxov xyoo 1990 los tswj kab mob malaria thiab dengue, feem ntau los ntawm kev kho mob hauv txaj thiab kev siv cov huab cua sov thiab cov tshuaj tsuag uas tsis muaj tshuaj lom heev [14, 17]. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau poob qhov ua tau zoo vim muaj kev tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum thiab tsis muaj kev ua raws li pej xeem vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem thiab kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev cov nyom loj rau kev vam meej ntawm cov kev pab cuam tswj kev hem thawj [14, 18, 19]. Yuav kom ua kom txoj kev npaj ua haujlwm zoo dua, kev tiv thaiv raws sijhawm thiab tsim nyog yog qhov tsim nyog. Cov txheej txheem tswj hwm pom zoo suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom ntuj, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm ntau chav kawm, ntxiv cov synergists, thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lossis kev siv cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm ntau chav kawm tib lub sijhawm [14, 20, 21]. Yog li ntawd, muaj qhov xav tau ceev ceev los nrhiav thiab tsim ib qho kev xaiv zoo rau ib puag ncig, yooj yim thiab zoo thiab synergist thiab kev tshawb fawb no lub hom phiaj yog los daws qhov kev xav tau no.
Cov tshuaj tua kab uas tau los ntawm ntuj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas ua los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tau pom tias muaj peev xwm hauv kev ntsuam xyuas cov kev xaiv tswj yoov tshaj cum tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej [22, 23, 24]. Ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias nws muaj peev xwm tswj cov kab tsuag tseem ceeb los ntawm kev siv cov khoom cog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov roj tseem ceeb (EOs), ua cov tshuaj tua kab laus. Cov khoom tua kab laus tawm tsam qee hom yoov tshaj cum tseem ceeb tau pom muaj nyob rau hauv ntau cov roj zaub xws li celery, cumin, zedoaria, anise, kua txob yeeb nkab, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cochlospermum planchonii, Eucalyptus ter eticornis., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata thiab Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30]. Ethylene oxide tam sim no tsis yog siv nws tus kheej xwb, tab sis kuj siv ua ke nrog cov tshuaj cog uas tau rho tawm lossis cov tshuaj tua kab uas twb muaj lawm, ua rau muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ib txwm muaj xws li organophosphates, carbamates thiab pyrethroids nrog ethylene oxide / cov nroj tsuag extracts ua haujlwm synergistically lossis antagonistically hauv lawv cov teebmeem lom thiab tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kab mob thiab cov kab tsuag [31,32,33,34,35]. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb txog cov teebmeem lom synergistic ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm phytochemicals nrog lossis tsis muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg tau ua rau cov kab thiab cov kab tsuag ua liaj ua teb es tsis yog rau cov yoov tshaj cum tseem ceeb rau kev kho mob. Ntxiv mus, feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov teebmeem synergistic ntawm cov nroj tsuag-tshuaj tua kab sib xyaw ua ke tiv thaiv cov yoov tshaj cum tau tsom mus rau cov teebmeem larvicidal.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas cov kws sau ntawv tau ua los ua ib feem ntawm kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv mus tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab los ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv zos hauv Thaib teb, ethylene oxides los ntawm Cyperus rotundus, galangal thiab cinnamon tau pom tias muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tawm tsam cov neeg laus Aedes. Egypt [36]. Yog li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb no tsom mus rau kev ntsuam xyuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm EOs cais los ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj no tawm tsam Aedes yoov tshaj cum. aegypti, suav nrog cov kab mob pyrethroid-resistant thiab rhiab heev. Cov nyhuv synergistic ntawm binary sib xyaw ntawm ethylene oxide thiab cov tshuaj pyrethroids hluavtaws nrog kev ua tau zoo hauv cov neeg laus kuj tau raug tshuaj xyuas kom txo qis kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab ib txwm muaj thiab ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv rau cov yoov tshaj cum vectors, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawm tsam Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Tsab xov xwm no qhia txog cov yam ntxwv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov roj tseem ceeb zoo thiab lawv lub peev xwm los txhim kho qhov lom ntawm cov tshuaj permethrin tawm tsam Aedes yoov tshaj cum. aegypti hauv cov kab mob pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) thiab cov kab mob tiv taus (PMD-R).
Cov cag ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga thiab cov tawv ntawm C. verum (Daim Duab 1) siv rau kev rho tawm roj tseem ceeb tau yuav los ntawm cov neeg muag tshuaj ntsuab hauv Chiang Mai Xeev, Thaib teb. Kev txheeb xyuas cov nroj tsuag no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev sab laj nrog Mr. James Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Department of Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Xeev, Thaib teb, thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Wannari Charoensap; hauv Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Carnegie Mellon University, Ms. Cov qauv daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm txhua tsob nroj tau khaws cia rau hauv Department of Parasitology ntawm Carnegie Mellon University School of Medicine rau kev siv yav tom ntej.
Cov qauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau raug ziab kom qhuav rau ib tus zuj zus rau 3-5 hnub hauv qhov chaw qhib uas muaj cua nkag thiab qhov kub thiab txias li ntawm 30 ± 5 °C kom tshem tawm cov dej noo ua ntej rho cov roj tseem ceeb (EOs). Tag nrho 250 g ntawm txhua cov nroj tsuag qhuav tau raug zom ua hmoov av thiab siv los cais cov roj tseem ceeb (EOs) los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ua kom qhuav. Lub tshuab ua kom qhuav muaj lub tshuab ua kom sov hluav taws xob, lub raj mis 3000 mL puag ncig hauv qab, lub kem rho tawm, lub tshuab ua kom qhuav, thiab lub cuab yeej Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Nyiv). Ntxiv 1600 ml dej distilled thiab 10-15 lub hlaws iav rau hauv lub raj mis thiab tom qab ntawd ua kom sov txog li ntawm 100 ° C siv lub tshuab ua kom sov hluav taws xob tsawg kawg 3 teev kom txog thaum ua tiav thiab tsis muaj EO ntxiv lawm. Cov txheej EO raug cais tawm ntawm cov dej siv lub raj mis cais, ziab rau ntawm anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) thiab khaws cia rau hauv lub raj mis xim av kaw ntawm 4 ° C kom txog thaum kuaj xyuas cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov dej num ntawm cov neeg laus.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov roj tseem ceeb tau ua tiav tib lub sijhawm nrog rau bioassay rau cov khoom laus. Kev tshuaj xyuas zoo tau ua tiav siv GC-MS system uas muaj Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A roj chromatograph nruab nrog ib qho quadrupole mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) thiab MSD 5975C (EI). (Agilent Technologies).
Chromatographic kem - DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × zaj duab xis tuab 0.25 µm). Lub sijhawm khiav GC-MS tag nrho yog 20 feeb. Cov xwm txheej kev tshuaj xyuas yog tias qhov kub ntawm lub injector thiab kab hloov pauv yog 250 thiab 280 °C, raws li; qhov kub ntawm lub cub tawg tau teeb tsa kom nce ntxiv ntawm 50 ° C txog 250 ° C ntawm tus nqi ntawm 10 ° C / feeb, cov roj nqa yog helium; tus nqi ntws 1.0 ml / feeb; qhov ntim txhaj tshuaj yog 0.2 µL (1/10% los ntawm ntim hauv CH2Cl2, qhov sib cais piv 100: 1); Lub kaw lus electron ionization nrog lub zog ionization ntawm 70 eV yog siv rau kev kuaj GC-MS. Qhov ntau ntawm kev tau txais yog 50–550 atomic pawg (amu) thiab qhov ceev scanning yog 2.91 scans ib ob. Feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm cov khoom sib piv yog qhia ua feem pua ​​​​​​normalized los ntawm thaj chaw ncov. Kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom xyaw EO yog raws li lawv cov ntsuas kev khaws cia (RI). RI tau suav los ntawm kev siv cov qauv ntawm Van den Dool thiab Kratz [37] rau cov koob n-alkanes (C8-C40) thiab piv nrog cov ntsuas kev khaws cia los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv [38] thiab cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev qiv ntawv (NIST 2008 thiab Wiley 8NO8). Qhov tseeb ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw, xws li cov qauv thiab cov mis molecular, tau lees paub los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov qauv tseeb muaj.
Cov qauv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas rau cov tshuaj permethrin thiab piperonyl butoxide (PBO, kev tswj hwm zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb synergy) tau yuav los ntawm Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Lub Koom Haum Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb (WHO) cov khoom siv kuaj mob rau cov neeg laus thiab cov koob tshuaj kuaj mob ntawm daim ntawv permethrin-impregnated (0.75%) tau yuav los ntawm WHO Vector Control Center hauv Penang, Malaysia. Tag nrho lwm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov tshuaj reagents siv yog qib tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab tau yuav los ntawm cov tsev kawm hauv zos hauv Chiang Mai Xeev, Thaib teb.
Cov yoov tshaj cum uas siv los ua cov kab mob sim hauv cov neeg laus bioassay tau sib deev dawb hauv chav kuaj Aedes yoov tshaj cum. aegypti, suav nrog cov kab mob Muang Chiang Mai uas yooj yim kis tau (MCM-S) thiab cov kab mob Pang Mai Dang uas tiv taus (PMD-R). Cov kab mob MCM-S tau txais los ntawm cov qauv hauv zos uas tau sau hauv thaj chaw Muang Chiang Mai, xeev Chiang Mai, Thaib teb, thiab tau khaws cia hauv chav entomology ntawm Department of Parasitology, CMU School of Medicine, txij li xyoo 1995 [39]. Cov kab mob PMD-R, uas pom tias tiv taus permethrin, tau rho tawm los ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum hauv thaj chaw uas tau sau los ntawm Ban Pang Mai Dang, Mae Tang District, xeev Chiang Mai, Thaib teb, thiab tau khaws cia ntawm tib lub tsev kawm ntawv txij li xyoo 1997 [40]. Cov kab mob PMD-R tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv kev xaiv siab kom tswj tau cov qib tiv taus los ntawm kev raug rau 0.75% permethrin siv cov khoom siv WHO nrhiav nrog qee qhov kev hloov kho [41]. Txhua hom kab mob ntawm Ae. Aedes aegypti tau raug tso rau hauv ib lub chaw kuaj mob uas tsis muaj kab mob ntawm 25 ± 2 °C thiab 80 ± 10% qhov av noo thiab 14:10 teev lub teeb/tsaus ntuj photoperiod. Kwv yees li 200 tus menyuam kab tau khaws cia rau hauv cov tais yas (ntev 33 cm, dav 28 cm thiab siab 9 cm) uas muaj dej kais puv nrog qhov ceev ntawm 150-200 tus menyuam kab ib lub tais thiab pub ob zaug ib hnub nrog cov ncuav qab zib dev uas tau ntxuav kom huv. Cov kab laus tau khaws cia rau hauv cov tawb ntub dej thiab pub tas li nrog 10% aqueous sucrose solution thiab 10% multivitamin syrup solution. Cov yoov tshaj cum poj niam ib txwm nqus ntshav kom tso qe. Cov poj niam uas muaj ob txog tsib hnub uas tsis tau noj ntshav tuaj yeem siv tas li hauv kev sim tshuaj lom neeg laus.
Ib qho kev ntsuas tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm EO tau ua rau cov kab Aedes poj niam laus. aegypti, MCM-S thiab PMD-R siv txoj kev kho mob sab nraud uas hloov kho raws li WHO tus qauv rau kev kuaj mob [42]. EO los ntawm txhua tsob nroj tau diluted nrog cov tshuaj yaj uas tsim nyog (piv txwv li ethanol lossis acetone) kom tau txais cov koob tshuaj 4-6. Tom qab siv tshuaj loog nrog carbon dioxide (CO2), cov kab tau raug ntsuas ib tus zuj zus. Cov kab uas tau siv tshuaj loog tau raug khaws cia tsis txav ntawm daim ntawv lim dej qhuav ntawm lub phaj txias hauv qab lub tshuab stereomicroscope kom tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Rau txhua qhov kev kho mob, 0.1 μl ntawm cov tshuaj EO tau siv rau ntawm tus poj niam lub pronotum sab saud siv lub tshuab Hamilton handheld microdispenser (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA). Nees nkaum tsib tus poj niam tau kho nrog txhua qhov concentration, nrog kev tuag txij li 10% txog 95% rau tsawg kawg 4 qhov concentration sib txawv. Cov kab uas tau kho nrog cov tshuaj yaj tau ua tus tswj. Yuav kom tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov qauv kuaj, hloov daim ntawv lim dej nrog daim ntawv lim dej tshiab rau txhua EO uas tau kuaj. Cov koob tshuaj siv hauv cov bioassays no tau qhia hauv micrograms ntawm EO ib milligram ntawm cov poj niam uas muaj sia nyob qhov hnyav. Cov neeg laus PBO kev ua haujlwm kuj tau soj ntsuam zoo ib yam li EO, nrog PBO siv ua kev tswj hwm zoo hauv kev sim synergistic. Cov yoov tshaj cum kho hauv txhua pawg tau muab tso rau hauv khob yas thiab muab 10% sucrose ntxiv rau 10% multivitamin syrup. Tag nrho cov bioassays tau ua tiav ntawm 25 ± 2 ° C thiab 80 ± 10% qhov av noo thiab rov ua plaub zaug nrog cov tswj. Kev tuag thaum lub sijhawm yug menyuam 24-teev tau kuaj xyuas thiab lees paub los ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum tsis teb rau kev txhawb nqa tshuab thiab tom qab ntawd sau tseg raws li qhov nruab nrab ntawm plaub qhov rov ua dua. Kev kho mob sim tau rov ua plaub zaug rau txhua qhov qauv kuaj siv cov pawg sib txawv ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum. Cov txiaj ntsig tau raug sau ua ke thiab siv los xam feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm kev tuag, uas tau siv los txiav txim siab 24-teev koob tshuaj tuag los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas probit.
Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm EO thiab permethrin tau raug soj ntsuam siv cov txheej txheem kev sim tshuaj lom hauv zos [42] raws li tau piav qhia ua ntej. Siv acetone lossis ethanol ua cov kuab tshuaj los npaj permethrin ntawm qhov concentration xav tau, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm EO thiab permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin sib xyaw nrog EO ntawm LD25 concentration). Cov khoom siv kuaj (permethrin thiab EO-permethrin) tau raug soj ntsuam tawm tsam MCM-S thiab PMD-R hom kab mob ntawm Ae. Aedes aegypti. Txhua tus ntawm 25 tus poj niam yoov tshaj cum tau muab plaub koob tshuaj permethrin los sim nws qhov ua tau zoo hauv kev tua cov neeg laus, nrog rau txhua qhov kev kho mob rov ua plaub zaug. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov neeg sib tw EO synergists, 4 txog 6 koob tshuaj ntawm EO-permethrin tau muab rau txhua tus ntawm 25 tus poj niam yoov tshaj cum, nrog rau txhua daim ntawv thov rov ua plaub zaug. Kev kho mob PBO-permethrin (permethrin sib xyaw nrog LD25 concentration ntawm PBO) kuj tau ua haujlwm ua kev tswj hwm zoo. Cov koob tshuaj siv rau hauv cov kev sim bioassays no tau qhia ua nanograms ntawm cov qauv kuaj ib milligram ntawm cov poj niam lub cev hnyav. Plaub qhov kev ntsuam xyuas sim rau txhua hom yoov tshaj cum tau ua rau ntawm cov pawg yug ib leeg, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tuag tau muab tso ua ke thiab tshuaj xyuas siv Probit los txiav txim siab txog 24-teev koob tshuaj tua neeg.
Tus nqi tuag tau hloov kho siv tus qauv Abbott [43]. Cov ntaub ntawv hloov kho tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm Probit regression analysis siv cov kev pab cuam suav lej hauv computer SPSS (version 19.0). Cov nqi tuag ntawm 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% thiab 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 thiab LD99, feem) tau suav siv cov sijhawm ntseeg siab 95% sib xws (95% CI). Kev ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv xeem tau raug soj ntsuam siv qhov kev xeem chi-square lossis Mann-Whitney U hauv txhua qhov kev sim tshuaj lom neeg. Cov txiaj ntsig tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm P< 0.05. Tus coefficient tiv thaiv (RR) yog kwv yees ntawm LD50 qib siv cov mis hauv qab no [12]:
RR > 1 qhia txog kev tiv thaiv, thiab RR ≤ 1 qhia txog kev rhiab heev. Tus nqi synergy ratio (SR) ntawm txhua tus neeg sib tw synergist yog xam raws li nram no [34, 35, 44]:
Qhov no faib cov txiaj ntsig ua peb pawg: tus nqi SR ntawm 1±0.05 suav tias tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam pom tseeb, tus nqi SR ntawm >1.05 suav tias muaj kev cuam tshuam synergistic, thiab tus nqi SR ntawm A roj kua daj daj tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev ua pa ntawm cov rhizomes ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga thiab cov tawv ntoo ntawm C. verum. Cov txiaj ntsig xam rau qhov hnyav qhuav yog 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), thiab 0.54% (v/v). w) feem (Rooj 1). GC-MS kev tshawb fawb txog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov roj ntawm C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum qhia txog qhov muaj 19, 17 thiab 21 cov tshuaj sib xyaw, uas suav txog 80.22, 86.75 thiab 97.24% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom, feem (Rooj 2). Cov roj sib xyaw ua ke ntawm C. lucidum rhizome feem ntau muaj cyperonene (14.04%), ua raws li carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), thiab α-capsellan (7.53%). Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj galangal rhizome yog β-bisabolene (18.27%), ua raws li α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) thiab piperonol (10.09%). Thaum cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) tau txheeb xyuas tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm C. verum bark roj, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) thiab 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) tau suav tias yog cov khoom xyaw me me. Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cyperne, β-bisabolene thiab cinnamaldehyde yog cov tshuaj tseem ceeb ntawm C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum, raws li qhia hauv Daim Duab 2.
Cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm peb OOs tau soj ntsuam cov neeg laus ua haujlwm tiv thaiv Aedes yoov tshaj cum. aegypti yoov tshaj cum tau qhia nyob rau hauv Rooj 3. Tag nrho cov EOs tau pom tias muaj cov teebmeem tuag taus rau MCM-S Aedes yoov tshaj cum ntawm ntau hom thiab koob tshuaj. Aedes aegypti. EO zoo tshaj plaws yog C. verum, ua raws li A. galanga thiab C. rotundus nrog LD50 tus nqi ntawm 3.30, 7.97 thiab 10.05 μg / mg MCM-S poj niam feem, siab dua me ntsis dua 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) thiab 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg / mg PMD -R hauv cov poj niam. Qhov no sib raug rau PBO muaj cov nyhuv loj dua me ntsis rau cov neeg laus ntawm PMD-R dua li cov kab mob MSM-S, nrog rau LD50 tus nqi ntawm 4.79 thiab 6.30 μg / mg poj niam, feem (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057). ). Nws tuaj yeem suav tias LD50 tus nqi ntawm C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus thiab PBO tawm tsam PMD-R yog kwv yees li 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 thiab 0.76 npaug qis dua li cov kab mob MCM-S, feem. Yog li, qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov cuam tshuam rau PBO thiab EO zoo sib xws ntawm ob hom kab mob Aedes. Txawm hais tias PMD-R muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua li MCM-S, qhov rhiab heev ntawm Aedes aegypti tsis tseem ceeb. Qhov sib piv, ob hom kab mob Aedes sib txawv heev hauv lawv qhov rhiab heev rau permethrin aegypti (Rooj 4). PMD-R tau qhia tias nws tiv taus permethrin (LD50 tus nqi = 0.44 ng/mg rau cov poj niam) nrog rau LD50 tus nqi siab dua ntawm 3.70 piv rau MCM-S (LD50 tus nqi = 0.44 ng/mg rau cov poj niam) ng/mg rau cov poj niam (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Txawm hais tias PMD-R tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau permethrin dua li MCM-S, nws qhov kev cuam tshuam rau PBO thiab C. verum, A. galanga, thiab C. rotundus roj yog siab dua me ntsis dua MCM-S.
Raws li tau pom hauv cov neeg laus bioassay ntawm EO-permethrin ua ke, binary sib xyaw ntawm permethrin thiab EO (LD25) qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke (SR tus nqi > 1.05) lossis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig (SR tus nqi = 1 ± 0.05). Cov teebmeem nyuaj rau cov neeg laus ntawm EO-permethrin sib xyaw rau ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum albino sim. Aedes aegypti hom MCM-S thiab PMD-R tau pom hauv Rooj 4 thiab Daim Duab 3. Kev ntxiv C. verum roj tau pom tias txo qis me ntsis LD50 ntawm permethrin tawm tsam MCM-S thiab nce me ntsis LD50 tawm tsam PMD-R mus rau 0.44–0 .42 ng/mg hauv cov poj niam thiab los ntawm 3.70 txog 3.85 ng/mg hauv cov poj niam, raws li. Qhov sib piv, ntxiv cov roj C. rotundus thiab A. galanga txo qis LD50 ntawm permethrin ntawm MCM-S los ntawm 0.44 mus rau 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) thiab rau 0.11 (U = 0). , Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg cov poj niam. Raws li LD50 tus nqi ntawm MCM-S, cov nqi SR ntawm EO-permethrin sib tov tom qab ntxiv cov roj C. rotundus thiab A. galanga yog 6.28 thiab 4.00, raws li. Yog li ntawd, LD50 ntawm permethrin tawm tsam PMD-R tau txo qis ntau heev los ntawm 3.70 mus rau 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) thiab mus rau 0.003 nrog rau kev ntxiv C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj (U = 0). , Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg poj niam. Tus nqi SR ntawm permethrin ua ke nrog C. rotundus tawm tsam PMD-R yog 8.81, thaum tus nqi SR ntawm galangal-permethrin sib xyaw yog 1233.33. Piv rau MCM-S, tus nqi LD50 ntawm PBO tswj zoo txo ​​qis los ntawm 0.44 mus rau 0.26 ng/mg (poj niam) thiab los ntawm 3.70 ng/mg (poj niam) mus rau 0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) thiab PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Tus nqi SR ntawm PBO-permethrin sib xyaw rau cov kab mob MCM-S thiab PMD-R yog 1.69 thiab 5.69, raws li. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau tias C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj thiab PBO ua rau permethrin lom ntau dua li C. verum roj rau cov kab mob MCM-S thiab PMD-R.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg laus (LD50) ntawm EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) thiab lawv cov kev sib xyaw ua ke tawm tsam pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) thiab resistant (PMD-R) hom kab Aedes. Aedes aegypti
[45]. Cov tshuaj pyrethroids ua los ntawm cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb siv los tswj yuav luag txhua yam kab mob uas tseem ceeb rau kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev kho mob. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab ua los ntawm cov khoom siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog kev loj hlob thiab kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag, nrog rau qhov cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv mus sij hawm ntev thiab ib puag ncig, tam sim no muaj qhov xav tau ceev ceev kom txo qis kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ib txwm muaj thiab tsim lwm txoj hauv kev [35, 46, 47]. Ntxiv nrog rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev noj qab haus huv tib neeg, qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab botanical suav nrog kev xaiv siab, muaj thoob ntiaj teb, thiab yooj yim ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab siv, ua rau lawv nyiam dua rau kev tswj kab tsuag [32,48, 49]. Txoj kev tshawb fawb no, ntxiv rau kev piav qhia txog cov yam ntxwv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov roj tseem ceeb zoo los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas GC-MS, kuj tau soj ntsuam qhov muaj zog ntawm cov roj tseem ceeb laus thiab lawv lub peev xwm los txhim kho qhov lom ntawm cov tshuaj permethrin aegypti hauv cov kab mob pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) thiab cov kab mob tiv taus (PMD-R).
Kev piav qhia txog GC-MS qhia tau tias cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) thiab cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum roj, raws li. Cov tshuaj no tau ua pov thawj ntau yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Ahn et al. [50] tau tshaj tawm tias 6-acetoxycyperene, cais tawm ntawm rhizome ntawm C. rotundus, ua haujlwm ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tuaj yeem ua rau caspase-dependent apoptosis hauv cov hlwb qog nqaij hlav zes qe menyuam. β-Bisabolene, rho tawm los ntawm cov roj tseem ceeb ntawm tsob ntoo myrrh, qhia txog cytotoxicity tshwj xeeb tawm tsam tib neeg thiab nas cov hlwb qog nqaij hlav ob qho tib si hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo [51]. Cinnamaldehyde, tau txais los ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab lossis tsim hauv chav kuaj, tau tshaj tawm tias muaj cov tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob [52].
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas cov tshuaj lom neeg laus uas nyob ntawm cov koob tshuaj qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm zoo ntawm cov EOs uas tau sim thiab qhia tau tias cov kab Aedes yoov tshaj cum MCM-S thiab PMD-R muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo sib xws rau EO thiab PBO. Aedes aegypti. Kev sib piv ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm EO thiab permethrin qhia tau tias qhov tom kawg muaj cov teebmeem allercidal muaj zog dua: LD50 tus nqi yog 0.44 thiab 3.70 ng / mg hauv cov poj niam rau cov kab MCM-S thiab PMD-R, raws li. Cov kev tshawb pom no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tias cov tshuaj tua kab uas tshwm sim hauv ntuj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom cog los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, feem ntau tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li cov tshuaj tsim [31, 34, 35, 53, 54]. Qhov no yuav yog vim tias qhov qub yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag lossis tsis nquag, thaum qhov tom kawg yog cov khoom siv huv si. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag ntuj nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm yuav txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev lossis cuam tshuam kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv hauv cov pej xeem [55, 56, 57]. Muaj ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm txog lub peev xwm tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum ntawm C. verum, A. galanga thiab C. rotundus thiab lawv cov khoom xws li β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde thiab 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63, 64]. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau qhia tias tsis muaj cov lus ceeb toom yav dhau los txog nws cov txiaj ntsig synergistic nrog permethrin lossis lwm yam tshuaj tua kab tsim tawm tsam Aedes yoov tshaj cum. Aedes aegypti.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev cuam tshuam permethrin tau pom ntawm ob hom kab Aedes. Aedes aegypti. MCM-S yog rhiab rau permethrin, thaum PMD-R tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws, nrog rau qhov tsis kam ntawm 8.41. Piv rau qhov rhiab ntawm MCM-S, PMD-R tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau permethrin tab sis rhiab dua rau EO, muab lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv uas tsom mus rau kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm permethrin los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog EO. Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke raws li bioassay rau cov neeg laus cov teebmeem tau qhia tias binary sib xyaw ntawm EO thiab permethrin txo qis lossis nce kev tuag ntawm cov neeg laus Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Ntxiv ntawm C. verum roj me ntsis txo qis LD50 ntawm permethrin tawm tsam MCM-S tab sis me ntsis nce LD50 tawm tsam PMD-R nrog SR tus nqi ntawm 1.05 thiab 0.96, feem. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias C. verum roj tsis muaj kev sib koom tes lossis kev tawm tsam rau permethrin thaum kuaj ntawm MCM-S thiab PMD-R. Qhov sib piv, C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj tau qhia txog kev sib koom tes tseem ceeb los ntawm kev txo qis LD50 tus nqi ntawm permethrin ntawm MCM-S lossis PMD-R. Thaum permethrin tau ua ke nrog EO ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga, cov nqi SR ntawm EO-permethrin sib xyaw rau MCM-S yog 6.28 thiab 4.00, raws li. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum permethrin raug soj ntsuam tawm tsam PMD-R ua ke nrog C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) lossis A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), cov nqi SR tau nce ntxiv ntau heev. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias ob qho tib si C. rotundus thiab A. galanga tau ua rau muaj kev lom ntawm permethrin tawm tsam PMD-R Ae. aegypti ntau heev. Ib yam li ntawd, PBO tau pom tias ua rau muaj kev lom ntawm permethrin nrog SR tus nqi ntawm 1.69 thiab 5.69 rau cov kab mob MCM-S thiab PMD-R, raws li. Txij li thaum C. rotundus thiab A. galanga muaj SR tus nqi siab tshaj plaws, lawv tau suav hais tias yog cov synergists zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev txhim kho permethrin lom ntawm MCM-S thiab PMD-R, raws li.
Ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab thiab cov nroj tsuag rho tawm tiv thaiv ntau hom yoov tshaj cum. Ib qho kev sim tshuaj tua kab mob larvicidal tawm tsam Anopheles Stephensi uas Kalayanasundaram thiab Das [65] kawm tau qhia tias fenthion, ib qho dav-spectrum organophosphate, tau cuam tshuam nrog Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax thiab Parthenium hysterophorus. Kev sib koom ua ke tseem ceeb tau pom ntawm cov extracts nrog cov nyhuv synergistic (SF) ntawm 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 thiab 2.23, raws li. Hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam larvicidal ntawm 15 hom mangrove, roj av ether extract ntawm mangrove stilted cag tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws tawm tsam Culex quinquefasciatus nrog tus nqi LC50 ntawm 25.7 mg / L [66]. Qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj no thiab cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethrum kuj tau tshaj tawm tias yuav txo LC50 ntawm pyrethrum tawm tsam C. quinquefasciatus larvae los ntawm 0.132 mg / L mus rau 0.107 mg / L, ntxiv rau, kev suav SF ntawm 1.23 tau siv hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no. 34,35,44]. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Solanum citron cag extract thiab ntau yam tshuaj tua kab (piv txwv li, fenthion, cypermethrin (ib qho tshuaj pyrethroid) thiab timethphos (ib qho tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus larvicide)) tawm tsam Anopheles yoov tshaj cum tau raug soj ntsuam. Stephensi [54] thiab C. quinquefasciatus [34]. Kev siv ua ke ntawm cypermethrin thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo daj roj av ether extract tau qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cypermethrin hauv txhua qhov sib piv. Qhov piv zoo tshaj plaws yog 1: 1 binary ua ke nrog LC50 thiab SF tus nqi ntawm 0.0054 ppm thiab 6.83, feem, piv rau An. Stephen West [54]. Thaum 1: 1 binary sib xyaw ntawm S. xanthocarpum thiab temephos yog antagonistic (SF = 0.6406), S. xanthocarpum-fenthion ua ke (1: 1) tau ua haujlwm synergistic tawm tsam C. quinquefasciatus nrog SF ntawm 1.3125 [34]]. Tong thiab Blomquist [35] tau kawm txog cov teebmeem ntawm cov nroj tsuag ethylene oxide ntawm kev lom ntawm carbary (ib qho dav-spectrum carbamate) thiab permethrin rau Aedes yoov tshaj cum. Aedes aegypti. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias ethylene oxide los ntawm agar, kua txob dub, juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood thiab sesame ua rau muaj kev lom ntawm carbary rau Aedes yoov tshaj cum. Cov nqi SR ntawm cov kab aegypti larvae sib txawv ntawm 1.0 txog 7.0. Qhov sib txawv, tsis muaj EOs lom rau cov kab Aedes laus. Nyob rau theem no, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam synergistic tau tshaj tawm rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Aedes aegypti thiab EO-carbaryl. PBO tau siv ua kev tswj hwm zoo los txhim kho qhov lom ntawm carbary tawm tsam Aedes yoov tshaj cum. Cov nqi SR ntawm Aedes aegypti larvae thiab cov laus yog 4.9-9.5 thiab 2.3, raws li. Tsuas yog cov khoom sib xyaw binary ntawm permethrin thiab EO lossis PBO tau sim rau kev ua haujlwm larvicidal. Cov khoom sib xyaw EO-permethrin muaj cov nyhuv antagonistic, thaum cov khoom sib xyaw PBO-permethrin muaj cov nyhuv synergistic tawm tsam Aedes yoov tshaj cum. Cov kab ntawm Aedes aegypti. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim tshuaj teb thiab kev ntsuam xyuas SR rau cov khoom sib xyaw PBO-permethrin tseem tsis tau ua tiav. Txawm hais tias muaj ob peb qhov txiaj ntsig tau ua tiav txog cov teebmeem synergistic ntawm phytosynthetic kev sib xyaw ua ke tawm tsam cov kab mob yoov tshaj cum, cov ntaub ntawv no txhawb nqa cov txiaj ntsig uas twb muaj lawm, uas qhib lub sijhawm ntawm kev ntxiv synergists tsis yog tsuas yog txo cov koob tshuaj siv, tab sis kuj tseem yuav ua rau kom muaj kev tua neeg ntau ntxiv. Kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov kab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau ua pov thawj thawj zaug tias C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj synergistically muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua tiv thaiv pyrethroid-susceptible thiab pyrethroid-resistant hom kab Aedes piv rau PBO thaum ua ke nrog permethrin toxicity. Aedes aegypti. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig tsis tau xav txog los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas synergistic qhia tau hais tias C. verum roj muaj cov haujlwm tiv thaiv cov neeg laus tshaj plaws tawm tsam ob hom kab Aedes. Qhov xav tsis thoob, qhov cuam tshuam lom ntawm permethrin ntawm Aedes aegypti tsis txaus siab. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov teebmeem lom thiab cov teebmeem synergistic yuav yog vim ib feem ntawm kev raug rau ntau hom thiab qib ntawm cov khoom siv bioactive hauv cov roj no.
Txawm hais tias muaj kev siv zog los nkag siab txog yuav ua li cas los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo, cov txheej txheem synergistic tseem tsis meej. Tej zaum cov laj thawj rau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab kev sib koom ua ke yuav suav nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom kuaj thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev yoov tshaj cum uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv thiab kev loj hlob. Muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab me me ethylene oxide kuaj hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no, thiab qee cov tshuaj no tau pom tias muaj cov teebmeem repellent thiab lom tawm tsam ntau yam kab tsuag thiab kab mob vectors [61,62,64,67,68]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj tseem ceeb uas tau piav qhia hauv C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum roj, xws li cypern, β-bisabolene thiab cinnamaldehyde, tsis tau sim hauv daim ntawv no rau lawv cov haujlwm tiv thaiv cov neeg laus thiab synergistic tawm tsam Ae, feem. Aedes aegypti. Yog li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yog qhov xav tau los cais cov khoom xyaw nquag uas muaj nyob hauv txhua cov roj tseem ceeb thiab piav qhia lawv cov tshuaj tua kab thiab kev sib cuam tshuam synergistic tawm tsam tus kab mob yoov tshaj cum no. Feem ntau, kev ua haujlwm tua kab nyob ntawm qhov kev ua thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tshuaj lom thiab cov ntaub so ntswg kab, uas tuaj yeem ua kom yooj yim thiab muab faib ua peb theem: nkag mus rau hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm kab thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm lub cev, kev ua haujlwm (= kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lub hom phiaj) thiab kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom [57, 69]. Yog li ntawd, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj lom sib xyaw ua ke yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm cov pawg no, xws li kev nkag mus ntau ntxiv, kev ua haujlwm ntau dua ntawm cov tshuaj sib sau ua ke, lossis kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom tsawg dua ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab. Piv txwv li, kev ua siab ntev ntawm lub zog qeeb qeeb kev nkag mus ntawm cov cuticle los ntawm cov cuticle tuab thiab kev tiv thaiv biochemical, xws li kev ua kom cov tshuaj tua kab zoo dua pom hauv qee cov kab kab tiv taus [70, 71]. Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm EOs hauv kev ua kom muaj kev lom ntawm permethrin, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawm tsam PMD-R, yuav qhia txog kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshuaj tua kab los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv [57, 69, 70, 71]. Tong thiab Blomquist [35] txhawb nqa cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no los ntawm kev qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm EOs thiab cov tshuaj tua kab tsim. aegypti, muaj pov thawj ntawm kev ua haujlwm inhibitory tiv thaiv cov enzymes detoxifying, suav nrog cytochrome P450 monooxygenases thiab carboxylesterases, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj tua kab ib txwm muaj. PBO tsis yog tsuas yog hais tias yog ib qho metabolic inhibitor ntawm cytochrome P450 monooxygenase tab sis kuj txhim kho kev nkag mus ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab, raws li tau pom los ntawm nws siv ua kev tswj hwm zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb synergistic [35, 72]. Qhov nthuav yog, 1,8-cineole, ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb pom hauv roj galangal, paub txog nws cov teebmeem lom rau cov kab [22, 63, 73] thiab tau tshaj tawm tias muaj cov teebmeem synergistic hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev [74]. . ,75,76,77]. Ntxiv rau, 1,8-cineole ua ke nrog ntau yam tshuaj suav nrog curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] thiab zidovudine [81] kuj muaj cov nyhuv permeation-txhawb nqa. hauv vitro. Yog li, lub luag haujlwm ntawm 1,8-cineole hauv kev ua haujlwm synergistic insecticidal tsis yog tsuas yog ua cov khoom xyaw nquag tab sis kuj yog qhov nkag mus enhancer. Vim muaj synergism ntau dua nrog permethrin, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawm tsam PMD-R, cov teebmeem synergistic ntawm galangal roj thiab trichosanthes roj pom hauv kev tshawb fawb no yuav yog los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv, piv txwv li nce permeability rau chlorine. Pyrethroids ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov sib xyaw ua ke thiab inhibit detoxifying enzymes xws li cytochrome P450 monooxygenases thiab carboxylesterases. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus no xav tau kev kawm ntxiv kom piav qhia txog lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm EO thiab nws cov sib xyaw cais (ib leeg lossis ua ke) hauv cov txheej txheem synergistic.
Xyoo 1977, cov neeg coob coob hauv Thaib teb tau tshaj tawm tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob permethrin ntau ntxiv, thiab ntau xyoo tom qab ntawd, kev siv permethrin feem ntau hloov los ntawm lwm cov tshuaj pyrethroid, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas hloov los ntawm deltamethrin [82]. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tiv thaiv kab mob deltamethrin thiab lwm cov tshuaj tua kab yog qhov tshwm sim ntau heev thoob plaws lub tebchaws vim yog kev siv ntau dhau thiab tsis tu ncua [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86]. Txhawm rau tawm tsam qhov teeb meem no, nws raug pom zoo kom tig lossis siv cov tshuaj tua kab uas tau pov tseg uas yav dhau los ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau cov tsiaj txhu, xws li permethrin. Tam sim no, txawm hais tias kev siv permethrin tau txo qis hauv cov kev pab cuam tswj kab tsuag hauv tebchaws tsis ntev los no, kev tiv thaiv permethrin tseem tuaj yeem pom hauv cov pej xeem kab tsuag. Qhov no yuav yog vim muaj kab tsuag raug rau cov khoom lag luam hauv tsev, uas feem ntau muaj permethrin thiab lwm yam pyrethroids [14, 17]. Yog li, kev siv permethrin kom zoo yuav tsum tau tsim thiab siv cov tswv yim los txo kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag. Txawm hais tias tsis muaj cov roj tseem ceeb uas tau sim ib leeg hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no zoo li permethrin, kev ua haujlwm ua ke nrog permethrin ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo kawg nkaus. Qhov no yog qhov qhia tau zoo tias kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm EO nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv ua rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm permethrin nrog EO ua haujlwm zoo dua li cov tshuaj tua kab lossis EO ib leeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawm tsam PMD-R Ae. Aedes aegypti. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev ua haujlwm ntau dua, txawm tias siv cov koob tshuaj qis dua rau kev tswj hwm vector, yuav ua rau kev tswj hwm kev tiv thaiv zoo dua thiab txo cov nqi [33, 87]. Los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig no, nws yog qhov zoo siab uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias A. galanga thiab C. rotundus EOs tau ua haujlwm zoo dua li PBO hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke permethrin lom hauv ob qho tib si MCM-S thiab PMD-R hom thiab yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov khoom siv ergogenic ib txwm muaj.
Cov EOs uas tau xaiv muaj cov teebmeem synergistic tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom cov neeg laus lom tshuaj PMD-R Ae. aegypti, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog roj galangal, muaj tus nqi SR txog li 1233.33, qhia tias EO muaj kev cog lus dav dav ua tus synergist hauv kev txhim kho qhov ua tau zoo ntawm permethrin. Qhov no yuav txhawb kev siv cov khoom tshiab ntuj, uas ua ke tuaj yeem ua rau kev siv cov khoom tswj yoov tshaj cum zoo heev. Nws kuj qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm ethylene oxide ua lwm txoj hauv kev synergist los txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab qub lossis cov tshuaj tua kab ib txwm muaj los daws cov teeb meem kev tiv thaiv uas twb muaj lawm hauv cov pej xeem yoov tshaj cum. Kev siv cov nroj tsuag uas yooj yim muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam tswj yoov tshaj cum tsis yog tsuas yog txo qhov kev vam khom rau cov khoom xa tuaj thiab kim, tab sis kuj txhawb kev siv zog hauv zos los txhawb cov kab ke kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem.
Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia meej meej txog qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb uas tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ethylene oxide thiab permethrin. Cov txiaj ntsig qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm ethylene oxide ua ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv kev tswj cov yoov tshaj cum, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm permethrin tawm tsam cov yoov tshaj cum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov pej xeem uas tsis kam. Kev txhim kho thiab kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav xav tau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov roj galangal thiab alpinia thiab lawv cov tshuaj sib cais, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm cov keeb kwm ntuj lossis tsim tawm tsam ntau hom thiab theem ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum, thiab kev kuaj mob lom tawm tsam cov kab mob tsis yog lub hom phiaj. Kev siv ethylene oxide ua lwm txoj hauv kev sib koom ua ke.
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