Cov nyhuv synergistic ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb rau cov neeg laus ua rau muaj kev toxicity ntawm permethrin tiv thaiv Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) |

Hauv ib txoj haujlwm dhau los kuaj cov chaw ua zaub mov hauv zos rau yoov tshaj cum hauv Thaib teb, cov roj tseem ceeb (EOs) ntawm Cyperus rotundus, galangal thiab cinnamon tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum tiv thaiv Aedes aegypti.Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sim kom txo tau kev siv cov tsoostshuaj tua kabthiab txhim kho kev tswj cov yoov tshaj cum tiv taus, txoj kev tshawb no tsom los txheeb xyuas qhov muaj peev xwm sib koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg laus cov teebmeem ntawm ethylene oxide thiab cov tshuaj lom ntawm permethrin rau Aedes yoov tshaj cum.aegypti, suav nrog pyrethroid-resistant thiab rhiab hom.
Txhawm rau soj ntsuam cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tua cov haujlwm ntawm EO rho tawm los ntawm rhizomes ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga thiab bark ntawm C. verum tiv thaiv cov kab mob uas raug mob Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) thiab cov kab mob resistant Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R) ).) Adult Active Ae.Aedes aegypti.Ib tus neeg laus bioassay ntawm EO-permethrin sib tov kuj tau ua rau cov yoov tshaj cum Aedes kom nkag siab txog nws cov haujlwm sib koom ua ke.cov kab mob aegypti.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj siv GC-MS analytical method qhia tau hais tias 48 lub tebchaw tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm EOs ntawm C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum, suav txog 80.22%, 86.75% thiab 97.24% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom, feem.Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), thiab cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj cyperus, roj galangal, thiab cov roj balsamic, feem.Hauv kev soj ntsuam tua neeg laus lom neeg, C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum EVs tau txais txiaj ntsig los tua Ae.aegypti, MCM-S thiab PMD-R LD50 qhov tseem ceeb yog 10.05 thiab 9.57 μg / mg poj niam, 7.97 thiab 7.94 μg / mg poj niam, thiab 3.30 thiab 3.22 μg / mg poj niam, feem.Kev ua tau zoo ntawm MCM-S thiab PMD-R Ae hauv kev tua neeg laus.aegypti nyob rau hauv cov EOs yog nyob ze rau piperonyl butoxide (PBO qhov tseem ceeb, LD50 = 6.30 thiab 4.79 μg / mg poj niam, feem), tab sis tsis hais raws li permethrin (LD50 qhov tseem ceeb = 0.44 thiab 3.70 ng / mg poj niam feem).Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib xyaw bioassays pom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm EO thiab permethrin.Kev sib koom ua ke tseem ceeb nrog permethrin tiv thaiv ob hom yoov tshaj cum Aedes.Aedes aegypti tau sau tseg hauv EM ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga.Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj tau txo qis LD50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm permethrin ntawm MCM-S los ntawm 0.44 txog 0.07 ng / mg thiab 0.11 ng / mg hauv cov poj niam, feem, nrog rau kev sib koom ua ke (SR) qhov tseem ceeb. ntawm 6.28 thiab 4.00 feem.Tsis tas li ntawd, C. rotundus thiab A. galanga EOs kuj txo qis LD50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm permethrin ntawm PMD-R los ntawm 3.70 mus rau 0.42 ng / mg thiab 0.003 ng / mg hauv cov poj niam, feem, nrog SR qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 8.81 thiab 1233.33 ib..
Synergistic nyhuv ntawm EO-permethrin ua ke los txhim kho cov neeg laus toxicity tiv thaiv ob hom Aedes yoov tshaj cum.Aedes aegypti qhia tau hais tias muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau ethylene oxide raws li kev sib koom ua ke hauv kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov chaw sib xyaw ua ke tsis zoo lossis tsis tsim nyog.
Aedes aegypti yoov tshaj cum (Diptera: Culicidae) yog tus kab mob tseem ceeb ntawm tus kab mob dengue thiab lwm yam kab mob sib kis xws li kub taub hau daj, kab mob chikungunya thiab Zika, ua rau muaj kev hem thawj loj heev rau tib neeg [1, 2]..Tus kab mob Dengue yog tus kab mob ua npaws hnyav tshaj plaws rau tib neeg, nrog kwv yees li 5-100 lab tus neeg mob tshwm sim txhua xyoo thiab ntau dua 2.5 billion tus neeg thoob ntiaj teb muaj kev pheej hmoo [3].Kev kis tus kab mob sib kis no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau cov pej xeem, kab mob kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev lag luam ntawm feem ntau cov teb chaws sov [1].Raws li Thaib Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv, muaj 142,925 tus neeg mob dengue fever thiab 141 tus neeg tuag tau tshaj tawm thoob tebchaws xyoo 2015, ntau dua peb npaug ntawm tus neeg mob thiab tuag xyoo 2014 [4].Txawm hais tias muaj pov thawj keeb kwm, tus mob khaub thuas tau raug tshem tawm lossis txo qis heev los ntawm Aedes yoov tshaj cum.Ua raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm Aedes aegypti [5], tus kab mob kis tau nce zuj zus thiab tus kab mob kis thoob plaws ntiaj teb, vim yog ib feem rau xyoo caum ntawm lub ntiaj teb sov.Kev tshem tawm thiab tswj ntawm Ae.Aedes aegypti yog qhov nyuaj heev vim tias nws yog yoov tshaj cum nyob hauv tsev uas ua phooj ywg, pub, so thiab nteg qe hauv thiab ib puag ncig tib neeg nyob hauv nruab hnub.Tsis tas li ntawd, yoov tshaj cum no muaj peev xwm hloov tau rau ib puag ncig kev hloov pauv lossis kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntuj (xws li dej nag) lossis tib neeg kev ntsuas, thiab tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau nws cov lej qub [6, 7].Vim tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob dengue nyuam qhuav tau pom zoo tsis ntev los no thiab tsis muaj kev kho mob tshwj xeeb rau tus kab mob dengue, kev tiv thaiv thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus kab mob dengue yog nyob ntawm kev tswj cov yoov tshaj cum thiab tshem tawm tib neeg kev sib cuag nrog cov vectors.
Tshwj xeeb, kev siv tshuaj rau kev tswj hwm yoov tshaj cum tam sim no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem raws li ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj hwm kev sib koom ua ke.Cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg nrov tshaj plaws suav nrog kev siv tshuaj tua kab uas tsis muaj tshuaj lom uas ua rau yoov tshaj cum (larvicides) thiab yoov tshaj cum laus (adidocides).Kev tswj cov larval los ntawm qhov txo qis thiab kev siv cov tshuaj larvicides tsis tu ncua xws li organophosphates thiab kab loj hlob regulators yog suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau ib puag ncig cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws thiab lawv cov haujlwm siv zog thiab kev saib xyuas nyuaj tseem yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb loj [8, 9].Traditional active vector tswj, xws li kev tswj cov neeg laus, tseem yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tswj xyuas thaum kis tus kab mob vim tias nws tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov kab mob sib kis tau sai thiab loj, nrog rau txo lub neej ntev thiab kev ua neej ntev ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos vectors [3]., 10] ib.Plaub chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tshuaj: organochlorines (tsuas yog hu ua DDT), organophosphates, carbamates, thiab pyrethroids tsim lub hauv paus ntawm vector tswj cov kev pab cuam, nrog pyrethroids suav tias yog cov chav kawm ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.Lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntau yam arthropods thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm tsawg.toxicity rau tsiaj.Tam sim no, cov pyrethroids hluavtaws ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ua lag luam, suav txog li 25% ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj tua kab thoob ntiaj teb [11, 12].Permethrin thiab deltamethrin yog broad-spectrum pyrethroid insecticides uas tau siv thoob ntiaj teb rau ntau xyoo los tswj ntau yam kab tsuag ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev kho mob tseem ceeb [13, 14].Nyob rau xyoo 1950, DDT tau raug xaiv los ua cov tshuaj ntawm kev xaiv rau Thaib teb txoj kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem yoov tshaj cum.Tom qab kev siv DDT dav dav hauv cov cheeb tsam malaria, Thaib tau maj mam tshem tawm kev siv DDT ntawm xyoo 1995 thiab 2000 thiab hloov nws nrog ob pyrethroids: permethrin thiab deltamethrin [15, 16].Cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid no tau qhia txog thaum ntxov xyoo 1990 los tswj malaria thiab dengue fever, feem ntau los ntawm kev kho mob hauv txaj thiab kev siv cov huab cua sov thiab cov tshuaj toxicity tsawg [14, 17].Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau poob cov txiaj ntsig zoo vim muaj yoov tshaj cum muaj zog thiab tsis ua raws li pej xeem vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm cov tshuaj hluavtaws.Qhov no ua rau muaj teeb meem loj rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev hem thawj vector tswj cov kev pab cuam [14, 18, 19].Txhawm rau ua kom lub tswv yim ua tau zoo dua, yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv raws sijhawm thiab tsim nyog.Cov txheej txheem tswj kev pom zoo suav nrog kev hloov cov khoom siv ntuj, kev sib hloov ntawm cov tshuaj sib txawv ntawm cov chav kawm sib txawv, ntxiv cov synergists, thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj lossis ib txhij siv tshuaj ntawm cov chav sib txawv [14, 20, 21].Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau nrhiav thiab txhim kho eco-phooj ywg, yooj yim thiab siv tau zoo thiab kev sib koom ua ke thiab txoj kev tshawb fawb no tsom mus rau qhov kev xav tau no.
Cov tshuaj tua kab uas tau muab los, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog raws li cov khoom cog, tau pom muaj peev xwm hauv kev ntsuam xyuas cov kev tswj hwm yoov tshaj cum tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej [22, 23, 24].Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov yoov tshaj cum tseem ceeb los ntawm kev siv cov khoom cog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov roj tseem ceeb (EOs), raws li cov neeg tua neeg laus.Adulticidal zog tiv thaiv qee hom yoov tshaj cum tseem ceeb tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau cov roj zaub xws li celery, cumin, zedoaria, anise, yeeb nkab kua txob, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogonum giganteus, Chenopodium cocaciaticus , ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata thiab Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].Ethylene oxide tam sim no siv tsis yog ntawm nws tus kheej nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ua ke nrog cov tshuaj cog qoob loo lossis cov tshuaj tua kab uas twb muaj lawm, ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj lom.Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ib txwm muaj xws li organophosphates, carbamates thiab pyrethroids nrog ethylene oxide / tsob nroj extracts ua synergistically los yog antagonistically nyob rau hauv lawv cov tshuaj lom thiab tau pom tias yuav zoo tiv thaiv kab mob vectors thiab kab tsuag [31,32,33,34,35].Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm phytochemicals nrog lossis tsis muaj cov tshuaj hluavtaws tau ua rau cov kab ua liaj ua teb thiab kab tsuag es tsis yog yoov tshaj cum kho mob.Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov nroj tsuag-synthetic insecticide ua ke tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum vectors tau tsom mus rau cov nyhuv larvicidal.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ua los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ua ib feem ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua kev tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab mob los ntawm cov zaub mov hauv paus hauv tebchaws Thaib, ethylene oxides los ntawm Cyperus rotundus, galangal thiab cinnamon tau pom tias muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov neeg laus Aedes.Egypt [36].Yog li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb no tsom los ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm EOs cais los ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj tiv thaiv Aedes yoov tshaj cum.aegypti, suav nrog pyrethroid-resistant thiab rhiab hom.Cov nyhuv synergistic ntawm binary sib tov ntawm ethylene oxide thiab hluavtaws pyrethroids nrog kev ua tau zoo hauv cov neeg laus kuj tau raug tshuaj xyuas kom txo tau kev siv tshuaj tua kab thiab ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv thaiv Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Kab lus no qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb thiab lawv lub peev xwm los txhim kho cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj permethrin tiv thaiv Aedes yoov tshaj cum.aegypti hauv pyrethroid-sensitive hom (MCM-S) thiab resistant hom (PMD-R).
Rhizomes ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga thiab bark ntawm C. verum (Fig. 1) siv rau cov tseem ceeb roj extraction yog yuav los ntawm herbal tshuaj lwm tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub xeev Chiang Maiv, Thaib teb.Kev txheeb xyuas cov nroj tsuag no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev sib tham nrog Mr. James Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Department of Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Province, Thaib teb, thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Wannari Charoensap;nyob rau hauv Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Carnegie Mellon University, Ms. Voucher cov qauv ntawm txhua tsob nroj tau khaws cia rau hauv Department of Parasitology ntawm Carnegie Mellon University School of Medicine rau yav tom ntej.
Cov qauv cog tau ntxoov ntxoo-qhuav ib tus zuj zus rau 3-5 hnub hauv qhov chaw qhib nrog lub qhov cua thiab qhov ntsuas kub ntawm kwv yees li 30 ± 5 ° C kom tshem tawm cov dej noo ua ntej rho tawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb (EOs).Tag nrho ntawm 250 g ntawm txhua cov khoom cog qhuav yog mechanically hauv av rau hauv cov hmoov coarse thiab siv los cais cov roj yam tseem ceeb (EOs) los ntawm chav distillation.Cov khoom siv distillation muaj xws li hluav taws xob cua sov mantle, 3000 mL puag ncig-hauv qab lub raj mis, ib sab extraction, condenser, thiab ib tug txias ace ntaus ntawv (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Nyiv). .Ntxiv 1600 ml dej distilled thiab 10-15 iav hlaws rau hauv lub khob thiab tom qab ntawd kub rau li 100 ° C siv lub tshuab rhaub hluav taws xob tsawg kawg 3 teev kom txog thaum distillation tiav thiab tsis muaj EO ntau lawm.Cov txheej EO tau muab cais tawm ntawm lub sijhawm aqueous siv qhov sib cais, qhuav dhau anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) thiab khaws cia rau hauv lub raj mis xim av kaw ntawm 4 ° C kom txog thaum cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov neeg laus raug kuaj xyuas.
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb tau ua tiav ib txhij nrog bioassay rau cov neeg laus cov khoom.Kev soj ntsuam zoo tau ua tiav siv GC-MS system uas muaj Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A roj chromatograph nruab nrog ib qho quadrupole mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) thiab MSD 5975C (EI) ).(Agilent Technologies).
Chromatographic kem - DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 hli × zaj duab xis thickness 0.25 µm).Tag nrho GC-MS lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog 20 feeb.Cov xwm txheej tsom xam yog tias qhov kev txhaj tshuaj thiab hloov kab kub yog 250 thiab 280 ° C, feem;Qhov kub ntawm lub cub tawg yog teem kom nce ntawm 50 ° C mus rau 250 ° C ntawm tus nqi ntawm 10 ° C / min, cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog helium;txaus tus nqi 1.0 ml / min;txhaj tshuaj ntim yog 0.2 µL (1/10% los ntawm ntim hauv CH2Cl2, phua ratio 100: 1);Lub tshuab hluav taws xob ionization nrog lub zog ionization ntawm 70 eV yog siv rau GC-MS nrhiav pom.Qhov kev nrhiav tau yog 50-550 atomic mass units (amu) thiab scanning ceev yog 2.91 scans ib ob.Tus txheeb ze feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov khoom yog qhia raws li feem pua ​​normalized los ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj.Kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom xyaw EO yog nyob ntawm lawv qhov ntsuas kev tuav pov hwm (RI).RI tau suav nrog qhov sib npaug ntawm Van den Dool thiab Kratz [37] rau cov n-alkanes series (C8-C40) thiab muab piv nrog cov ntawv khaws cia los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv [38] thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv databases (NIST 2008 thiab Wiley 8NO8).Tus kheej ntawm cov tebchaw qhia, xws li cov qauv thiab cov qauv molecular, tau lees paub los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov qauv muaj tseeb.
Cov qauv ntsuas rau hluavtaws permethrin thiab piperonyl butoxide (PBO, kev tswj zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb sib koom ua ke) tau yuav los ntawm Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (WHO) cov khoom siv kuaj cov neeg laus thiab tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov ntawv permethrin-impregnated (0.75%) tau muag los ntawm WHO Vector Control Center hauv Penang, Malaysia.Tag nrho lwm cov tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj reagents siv tau yog qib tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab tau yuav los ntawm cov tsev kawm hauv nroog hauv Chiang Maiv, Thaib teb.
Cov yoov tshaj cum siv los ntsuas cov kab mob hauv cov neeg laus bioassay tau ywj pheej mating chav kuaj Aedes yoov tshaj cum.aegypti, suav nrog cov kab mob Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) thiab Pang Mai Dang strain (PMD-R).Strain MCM-S tau txais los ntawm cov qauv hauv zos uas tau sau tseg hauv cheeb tsam Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Maiv, Thaib teb, thiab tau khaws cia hauv chav entomology ntawm Department of Parasitology, CMU Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tshuaj, txij li xyoo 1995 [39].Cov kab mob PMD-R, uas tau pom tias tiv taus permethrin, tau raug cais tawm ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum uas tau sau los ntawm Ban Pang Mai Dang, District Mae Tang, Chiang Maiv, Thaib teb, thiab tau khaws cia ntawm tib lub koom haum txij li xyoo 1997 [40. ].PMD-R strains tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv kev xaiv lub siab los tswj cov qib tsis kam los ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm 0.75% permethrin siv WHO cov khoom kuaj pom nrog qee qhov kev hloov kho [41].Txhua yam ntawm Ae.Aedes aegypti raug colonized ib leeg nyob rau hauv chav kuaj tsis muaj kab mob ntawm 25 ± 2 ° C thiab 80 ± 10% txheeb ze av noo thiab 14: 10 h lub teeb / tsaus photoperiod.Kwv yees li ntawm 200 tus menyuam mos tau khaws cia rau hauv cov tais yas (33 cm ntev, 28 cm dav thiab 9 cm siab) ntim nrog cov kais dej ntawm qhov ntom ntawm 150-200 larvae rau ib lub tais thiab pub ob zaug ib hnub nrog rau cov aub uas tsis muaj kab mob.Cov neeg laus cov kab mob tau khaws cia rau hauv lub tawb ntub thiab tsis tu ncua nrog 10% aqueous sucrose tov thiab 10% multivitamin syrup tov.Poj niam yoov tshaj cum nqus ntshav los nteg qe.Cov poj niam muaj hnub nyoog ob mus rau tsib hnub uas tsis tau noj ntshav tuaj yeem siv tsis tu ncua hauv kev sim tshuaj lom neeg laus.
Ib koob tshuaj-mob tuag teb bioassay ntawm EO tau ua rau cov poj niam laus Aedes yoov tshaj cum.aegypti, MCM-S thiab PMD-R siv cov txheej txheem tshuaj pleev ib ce hloov kho raws li WHO tus qauv kev cai rau kev kuaj mob [42].EO los ntawm txhua cov nroj tsuag tau serially diluted nrog ib tug haum hnyav (xws li ethanol los yog acetone) kom tau ib tug kawm tiav series ntawm 4-6 concentrations.Tom qab tshuaj loog nrog carbon dioxide (CO2), yoov tshaj cum tau hnyav ib tus zuj zus.Cov yoov tshaj cum tshuaj loog tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv lim qhuav ntawm lub phaj txias hauv qab lub stereomicroscope kom tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob rov ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.Rau txhua qhov kev kho mob, 0.1 μl ntawm EO tshuaj tau siv rau tus poj niam lub cev sab saud siv Hamilton handheld microdispenser (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA).Nees nkaum tsib tus poj niam raug kho nrog txhua qhov concentration, nrog kev tuag ntawm 10% mus rau 95% rau tsawg kawg yog 4 qhov sib txawv.Cov yoov tshaj cum kho nrog cov kuab tshuaj ua haujlwm tswj.Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm cov qauv kuaj, hloov cov ntawv lim nrog cov ntawv lim tshiab rau txhua qhov EO kuaj.Cov koob tshuaj uas siv hauv cov bioassays no tau qhia hauv micrograms ntawm EO ib milligram ntawm cov poj niam nyob hauv lub cev hnyav.Cov neeg laus PBO kev ua haujlwm kuj tau raug soj ntsuam zoo ib yam li EO, nrog PBO siv los ua kev tswj xyuas zoo hauv kev sim ua ke.Kho yoov tshaj cum hauv txhua pab pawg tau muab tso rau hauv khob yas thiab muab 10% sucrose ntxiv rau 10% multivitamin phoov.Txhua bioassays tau ua tiav ntawm 25 ± 2 ° C thiab 80 ± 10% txheeb ze av noo thiab rov ua plaub zaug nrog kev tswj hwm.Kev tuag thaum lub sijhawm 24-teev kev txhawb nqa tau raug kuaj xyuas thiab lees paub los ntawm yoov tshaj cum tsis muaj cov lus teb rau cov neeg kho tshuab stimulation thiab tom qab ntawd sau tseg raws li qhov nruab nrab ntawm plaub replicates.Kev sim tshuaj tau rov ua dua plaub zaug rau txhua tus qauv kuaj uas siv cov yoov tshaj cum sib txawv.Cov txiaj ntsig tau muab sau tseg thiab siv los xam qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg tuag, uas tau siv los txiav txim siab txog 24-teev cov tshuaj tua kab mob los ntawm kev soj ntsuam xyuas.
Lub synergistic anticidal nyhuv ntawm EO thiab permethrin tau soj ntsuam siv cov txheej txheem tshuaj toxicity hauv zos [42] raws li tau piav qhia dhau los.Siv acetone lossis ethanol ua cov kuab tshuaj los npaj permethrin ntawm qhov xav tau, nrog rau kev sib xyaw binary ntawm EO thiab permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin tov nrog EO ntawm LD25 concentration).Cov khoom siv kuaj (permethrin thiab EO-permethrin) tau soj ntsuam tawm tsam MCM-S thiab PMD-R hom Ae.Aedes aegypti.Txhua ntawm 25 tus poj niam yoov tshaj cum tau muab plaub koob tshuaj permethrin los ntsuas nws cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev tua neeg laus, nrog rau txhua qhov kev kho mob rov ua plaub zaug.Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas tus neeg sib tw EO synergists, 4 mus rau 6 koob tshuaj EO-permethrin tau muab rau txhua tus ntawm 25 tus poj niam yoov tshaj cum, nrog rau txhua daim ntawv thov rov ua plaub zaug.PBO-permethrin kev kho mob (permethrin tov nrog LD25 concentration ntawm PBO) kuj tau txais kev tswj xyuas zoo.Cov koob tshuaj uas siv hauv cov bioassays no tau qhia hauv nanograms ntawm cov qauv kuaj ib milligram ntawm cov poj niam lub cev hnyav.Plaub qhov kev sim tshuaj ntsuam xyuas rau txhua hom yoov tshaj cum tau ua rau ntawm ib tus zuj zus, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tuag tau muab sib xyaw thiab tshuaj xyuas siv Probit los txiav txim siab txog 24-teev koob tshuaj tuag.
Cov neeg tuag tau hloov kho siv cov qauv Abbott [43].Cov ntaub ntawv kho tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm Probit regression tsom xam siv lub khoos phis tawj kev txheeb cais SPSS (version 19.0).Cov txiaj ntsig tuag ntawm 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% thiab 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 thiab LD99, raws li) tau suav nrog siv qhov sib txuam 95% kev ntseeg siab (95% CI).Kev ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv kuaj tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev ntsuas chi-square lossis Mann-Whitney U kuaj hauv txhua qhov kev sim tshuaj lom neeg.Cov txiaj ntsig tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm P<0.05 Nws.Cov coefficient tsis kam (RR) yog kwv yees ntawm LD50 qib siv cov qauv hauv qab no [12]:
RR > 1 qhia tsis kam, thiab RR ≤ 1 qhia rhiab heev.Qhov sib piv piv (SR) tus nqi ntawm txhua tus neeg sib tw sib koom ua ke suav nrog hauv qab no [34, 35, 44]:
Qhov xwm txheej no faib cov txiaj ntsig ua peb pawg: tus nqi SR ntawm 1 ± 0.05 yog suav tias tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim, tus nqi SR ntawm> 1.05 suav tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke, thiab tus nqi SR ntawm lub teeb daj kua roj tuaj yeem ua tau. tau los ntawm chav distillation ntawm rhizomes ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga thiab cov tawv ntoo ntawm C. verum.Cov txiaj ntsig suav ntawm qhov hnyav qhuav yog 0.15%, 0.27% (w / w), thiab 0.54% (v / v).w) raws li (Table 1).GC-MS kawm txog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj ntawm C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum pom tias muaj 19, 17 thiab 21 cov tshuaj, uas suav txog 80.22, 86.75 thiab 97.24% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom, raws li (Table 2 ).C. lucidum rhizome roj tebchaw feem ntau muaj cyperonene (14.04%), ua raws li carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), thiab α-capsellan (7.53%).Cov tshuaj tseem ceeb ntawm galangal rhizome roj yog β-bisabolene (18.27%), ua raws li α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) thiab piperonol (10.09%).Thaum cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) tau txheeb xyuas tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm C. verum bark roj, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) thiab 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) tau suav hais tias yog cov khoom xyaw me.Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cyperne, β-bisabolene thiab cinnamaldehyde yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 2.
Cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm peb OOs tau soj ntsuam cov neeg laus ua haujlwm tawm tsam Aedes yoov tshaj cum.Cov yoov tshaj cum aegypti tau qhia hauv Table 3. Txhua EOs tau pom tias muaj kev phom sij rau MCM-S Aedes yoov tshaj cum ntawm ntau hom thiab koob tshuaj.Aedes aegypti.Qhov zoo tshaj EO yog C. verum, ua raws li A. galanga thiab C. rotundus nrog LD50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 3.30, 7.97 thiab 10.05 μg / mg MCM-S poj niam feem, me ntsis siab dua 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) thiab 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg PMD -R hauv cov poj niam.Qhov no sib raug rau PBO muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau cov neeg laus me ntsis ntawm PMD-R dua li MSM-S hom, nrog LD50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 4.79 thiab 6.30 μg / mg poj niam, raws li (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Nws tuaj yeem suav tau tias LD50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus thiab PBO tiv thaiv PMD-R yog kwv yees li 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 thiab 0.76 npaug qis dua cov tawm tsam MCM-S, raws li.Yog li, qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov cuam tshuam rau PBO thiab EO yog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm ob hom Aedes.Txawm hais tias PMD-R muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua li MCM-S, qhov rhiab heev ntawm Aedes aegypti tsis tseem ceeb.Nyob rau hauv sib piv, ob hom Aedes txawv heev nyob rau hauv lawv rhiab heev rau permethrin.aegypti (Table 4).PMD-R pom tau tias muaj kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb rau permethrin (LD50 tus nqi = 0.44 ng / mg hauv cov poj niam) nrog LD50 tus nqi siab dua ntawm 3.70 piv rau MCM-S (LD50 tus nqi = 0.44 ng / mg hauv cov poj niam) ng / mg hauv cov poj niam (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Txawm hais tias PMD-R tsis tshua muaj siab rau permethrin dua li MCM-S, nws qhov rhiab heev rau PBO thiab C. verum, A. galanga, thiab C. rotundus roj yog me ntsis siab dua MCM-S.
Raws li pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus bioassay ntawm EO-permethrin ua ke, binary sib tov ntawm permethrin thiab EO (LD25) pom ob qho tib si synergy (SR tus nqi> 1.05) lossis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig (SR tus nqi = 1 ± 0.05).Cov neeg laus tsis yooj yim cuam tshuam ntawm EO-permethrin sib xyaw rau kev sim albino yoov tshaj cum.Aedes aegypti hom MCM-S thiab PMD-R muaj nyob rau hauv Table 4 thiab daim duab 3. Ntxiv ntawm C. verum roj tau pom tias yuav txo qis LD50 ntawm permethrin tiv thaiv MCM-S thiab me ntsis nce LD50 tawm tsam PMD-R rau 0.44– 0 .42 ng / mg rau cov poj niam thiab los ntawm 3.70 mus rau 3.85 ng / mg hauv cov poj niam, feem.Nyob rau hauv sib piv, ntxiv ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj txo qhov LD50 ntawm permethrin ntawm MCM-S los ntawm 0.44 mus rau 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) thiab mus rau 0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg poj niam.Raws li LD50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm MCM-S, SR qhov tseem ceeb ntawm EO-permethrin sib tov tom qab sib ntxiv ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj yog 6.28 thiab 4.00, feem.Yog li, LD50 ntawm permethrin tiv thaiv PMD-R poob qis los ntawm 3.70 mus rau 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) thiab rau 0.003 nrog kev sib ntxiv ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj (U = 0) ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg poj niam.Tus nqi SR ntawm permethrin ua ke nrog C. rotundus tiv thaiv PMD-R yog 8.81, whereas tus nqi SR ntawm galangal-permethrin sib tov yog 1233.33.txheeb ze rau MCM-S, LD50 tus nqi ntawm qhov zoo tswj PBO poob ntawm 0.44 txog 0.26 ng / mg (poj niam) thiab los ntawm 3.70 ng / mg (poj niam) mus rau 0.65 ng / mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) thiab PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).SR qhov tseem ceeb ntawm PBO-permethrin sib tov rau cov kab mob MCM-S thiab PMD-R yog 1.69 thiab 5.69, feem.Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau tias C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj thiab PBO txhim kho permethrin toxicity mus rau ntau dua li C. verum roj rau hom MCM-S thiab PMD-R.
Cov neeg laus kev ua si (LD50) ntawm EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) thiab lawv cov kev sib txuas tiv thaiv pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) thiab resistant (PMD-R) hom Aedes yoov tshaj cum.Aedes aegypti
[45].Synthetic pyrethroids yog siv thoob ntiaj teb los tswj yuav luag txhua arthropods ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev kho mob tseem ceeb.Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev txhim kho thiab nthuav dav ntawm yoov tshaj cum, nrog rau kev cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig mus ntev, tam sim no muaj qhov xav tau ceev kom txo qis kev siv. ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws thiab tsim lwm txoj hauv kev [35, 46, 47].Ntxiv nrog rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab botanical suav nrog kev xaiv siab, muaj thoob ntiaj teb, thiab yooj yim ntawm kev tsim thiab siv, ua rau lawv zoo nkauj rau kev tswj yoov tshaj cum [32,48, 49].Txoj kev tshawb no, ntxiv rau elucidating cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb zoo los ntawm GC-MS tsom xam, kuj tau soj ntsuam lub zog ntawm cov neeg laus cov roj tseem ceeb thiab lawv lub peev xwm los txhim kho cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hluavtaws permethrin.aegypti hauv pyrethroid-sensitive hom (MCM-S) thiab resistant hom (PMD-R).
GC-MS tus cwj pwm pom tau tias cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) thiab cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum roj, raws li.Cov tshuaj no tau pom muaj ntau yam kev ua ub no lom neeg.Ahn et al.[50] qhia tias 6-acetoxycyperene, cais tawm ntawm rhizome ntawm C. rotundus, ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tuaj yeem ua rau caspase-dependent apoptosis hauv cov qog nqaij hlav zes qe menyuam.β-Bisabolene, muab rho tawm los ntawm cov roj tseem ceeb ntawm tsob ntoo myrrh, nthuav tawm cov cytotoxicity tawm tsam tib neeg thiab nas mammary qog hlwb ob leeg hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo [51].Cinnamaldehyde, tau los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso los yog synthesized nyob rau hauv lub laboratory, tau raug tshaj tawm tias muaj insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, thiab antiangiogenic kev ua ub no [52].
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv tshuaj rau cov neeg laus ua haujlwm bioassay tau pom muaj peev xwm zoo ntawm EOs kuaj thiab pom tias Aedes yoov tshaj cum MCM-S thiab PMD-R muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo sib xws rau EO thiab PBO.Aedes aegypti.Kev sib piv ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm EO thiab permethrin tau pom tias yav tas los muaj kev ua xua ua xua: LD50 qhov tseem ceeb yog 0.44 thiab 3.70 ng / mg hauv cov poj niam rau hom MCM-S thiab PMD-R, feem.Cov kev tshawb pom no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm ntau cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias cov tshuaj tua kab tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom siv cog qoob loo, feem ntau tsis zoo dua li cov khoom siv hluavtaws [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim hais tias yav tas los yog ib tug complex ua ke ntawm active los yog inactive cov khoom xyaw, thaum lub tom kawg yog ib tug purified ib tug active compound.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv thiab tsis yooj yim ntawm cov khoom xyaw ntuj nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm lom neeg lossis cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv cov neeg koom nrog [55, 56, 57].Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm txog kev tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum ntawm C. verum, A. galanga thiab C. rotundus thiab lawv cov khoom xws li β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde thiab 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62, 63, 64] ib.Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau qhia tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv dhau los ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo nrog permethrin lossis lwm yam tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws tawm tsam Aedes yoov tshaj cum.Aedes aegypti.
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv permethrin susceptibility tau pom ntawm ob hom Aedes.Aedes aegypti.MCM-S yog rhiab heev rau permethrin, thaum PMD-R tsis tshua muaj siab rau nws, nrog rau tus nqi tsis kam ntawm 8.41.Piv nrog rau qhov rhiab heev ntawm MCM-S, PMD-R tsis tshua nkag siab rau permethrin tab sis ntau rhiab heev rau EO, muab lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv txhawm rau txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm permethrin los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog EO.Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke-raws li bioassay rau cov neeg laus cov teebmeem tau pom tias binary sib xyaw ntawm EO thiab permethrin txo qis lossis nce kev tuag ntawm cov neeg laus Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Ntxiv ntawm C. verum roj me ntsis txo qis LD50 ntawm permethrin tiv thaiv MCM-S tab sis me ntsis nce LD50 tiv thaiv PMD-R nrog SR qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 1.05 thiab 0.96, raws li.Qhov no qhia tau hais tias C. verum roj tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke lossis kev tawm tsam ntawm permethrin thaum kuaj ntawm MCM-S thiab PMD-R.Hauv qhov sib piv, C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj tau pom muaj kev sib koom ua ke tseem ceeb los ntawm kev txo qis LD50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm permethrin ntawm MCM-S lossis PMD-R.Thaum permethrin tau ua ke nrog EO ntawm C. rotundus thiab A. galanga, SR qhov tseem ceeb ntawm EO-permethrin sib tov rau MCM-S yog 6.28 thiab 4.00, feem.Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum permethrin raug soj ntsuam tawm tsam PMD-R ua ke nrog C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) lossis A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), SR qhov tseem ceeb nce ntxiv.Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias ob qho tib si C. rotundus thiab A. galanga txhim kho cov tshuaj lom ntawm permethrin tiv thaiv PMD-R Ae.aegypti tseem ceeb heev.Ib yam li ntawd, PBO tau pom tias yuav ua rau kom muaj toxicity ntawm permethrin nrog SR qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 1.69 thiab 5.69 rau cov kab mob MCM-S thiab PMD-R, feem.Txij li C. rotundus thiab A. galanga muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws SR qhov tseem ceeb, lawv tau raug suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws synergists hauv kev txhim kho permethrin toxicity ntawm MCM-S thiab PMD-R, feem.
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws thiab cov nroj tsuag rho tawm tawm tsam ntau hom yoov tshaj cum.Ib qho larvicidal bioassay tawm tsam Anopheles Stephensi kawm los ntawm Kalayanasundaram thiab Das [65] qhia tias fenthion, ib tug dav-spectrum organophosphate, yog txuam nrog Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax thiab Parthenium hysterophorus.Kev sib koom ua ke tseem ceeb tau pom ntawm cov khoom rho tawm nrog cov nyhuv synergistic (SF) ntawm 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 thiab 2.23, feem.Hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam larvicidal ntawm 15 hom mangrove, roj av ether extract ntawm mangrove stilted cag tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv Culex quinquefasciatus nrog LC50 tus nqi ntawm 25.7 mg / L [66].Lub synergistic nyhuv ntawm no extract thiab botanical insecticide pyrethrum kuj tau qhia kom txo tau LC50 ntawm pyrethrum tiv thaiv C. quinquefasciatus larvae los ntawm 0.132 mg/L rau 0.107 mg/L, ntxiv rau, ib qho SF xam ntawm 1.23 tau siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.34, 35, 44] ib.Kev sib xyaw ua haujlwm ntawm Solanum citron cag extract thiab ntau yam tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws (xws li, fenthion, cypermethrin (ib qho hluavtaws pyrethroid) thiab timethphos (ib qho organophosphorus larvicide)) tawm tsam Anopheles yoov tshaj cum.Stephensi [54] thiab C. quinquefasciatus [34].Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cypermethrin thiab daj txiv hmab txiv ntoo roj av ether extract tau pom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cypermethrin hauv txhua qhov sib piv.Qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv yog 1: 1 binary ua ke nrog LC50 thiab SF qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.0054 ppm thiab 6.83, feem, ntsig txog An.Stephen West [54].Thaum ib qho 1: 1 binary sib xyaw ntawm S. xanthocarpum thiab temephos yog antagonistic (SF = 0.6406), S. xanthocarpum-fenthion ua ke (1: 1) nthuav tawm kev sib koom ua ke tawm tsam C. quinquefasciatus nrog SF ntawm 1.3125 [34]].Tong thiab Blomquist [35] tau kawm txog cov teebmeem ntawm cov nroj tsuag ethylene oxide ntawm cov tshuaj lom ntawm carbaryl (ib qho dav-spectrum carbamate) thiab permethrin rau Aedes yoov tshaj cum.Aedes aegypti.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias ethylene oxide los ntawm agar, kua txob dub, juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood thiab sesame ua rau muaj tshuaj lom ntawm carbaryl rau Aedes yoov tshaj cum.aegypti larvae SR qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm 1.0 txog 7.0.Hauv qhov sib piv, tsis muaj EOs muaj tshuaj lom rau cov neeg laus Aedes yoov tshaj cum.Nyob rau theem no, tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke tau tshaj tawm rau kev sib xyaw ntawm Aedes aegypti thiab EO-carbaryl.PBO tau siv los ua kev tswj xyuas zoo los txhim kho cov tshuaj lom ntawm carbaryl tiv thaiv Aedes yoov tshaj cum.SR qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Aedes aegypti larvae thiab cov neeg laus yog 4.9-9.5 thiab 2.3, feem.Tsuas yog binary sib tov ntawm permethrin thiab EO lossis PBO raug kuaj rau kev ua haujlwm larvicidal.Qhov sib xyaw EO-permethrin muaj cov nyhuv antagonistic, thaum PBO-permethrin sib tov muaj kev sib koom ua ke tiv thaiv Aedes yoov tshaj cum.Larvae ntawm Aedes aegypti.Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim tshuaj teb thiab kev ntsuas SR rau PBO-permethrin sib tov tseem tsis tau ua.Txawm hais tias qee qhov txiaj ntsig tau ua tiav txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm phytosynthetic kev sib xyaw ua ke tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum vectors, cov ntaub ntawv no txhawb nqa cov txiaj ntsig uas twb muaj lawm, uas qhib qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev ntxiv cov synergists tsis tsuas yog txo cov koob tshuaj, tab sis kuj yuav ua rau kom cov nyhuv tua.Efficiency ntawm kab.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau pom thawj zaug tias C. rotundus thiab A. galanga roj synergistically ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua rau cov kab mob pyrethroid-ssceptible thiab pyrethroid-resistant hom ntawm Aedes yoov tshaj cum piv rau PBO thaum ua ke nrog permethrin toxicity.Aedes aegypti.Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig tsis xav tau los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke tau pom tias C. verum roj muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv cov neeg laus tiv thaiv ob hom Aedes.Kuj ceeb tias, cov tshuaj lom ntawm permethrin ntawm Aedes aegypti tsis txaus siab.Kev hloov pauv hauv cov teebmeem tshuaj lom thiab kev sib koom ua ke tuaj yeem yog vim muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ntau hom thiab qib ntawm bioactive Cheebtsam hauv cov roj no.
Txawm hais tias kev siv zog kom nkag siab yuav ua li cas txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua tau zoo, cov txheej txheem sib koom ua ke tseem tsis meej.Cov laj thawj tsim nyog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab kev sib koom ua ke tuaj yeem suav nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom kuaj thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm yoov tshaj cum raug cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej tiv thaiv thiab kev loj hlob.Muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov loj thiab me me ethylene oxide Cheebtsam kuaj hauv txoj kev tshawb no, thiab qee qhov ntawm cov tshuaj no tau pom tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tshuaj lom rau ntau yam kab tsuag thiab kab mob vectors [61,62,64,67,68].Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv C. rotundus, A. galanga thiab C. verum roj, xws li cypern, β-bisabolene thiab cinnamaldehyde, tsis tau sim hauv daim ntawv no rau lawv cov kev tiv thaiv kev laus thiab kev sib koom ua ke tiv thaiv Ae, raws li.Aedes aegypti.Yog li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yog xav tau los cais cov khoom xyaw nquag muaj nyob rau hauv txhua cov roj tseem ceeb thiab qhia txog lawv cov tshuaj tua kab thiab kev sib koom ua ke tiv thaiv kab mob yoov tshaj cum no.Feem ntau, cov tshuaj tua kab yog nyob ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj lom thiab kab cov ntaub so ntswg, uas tuaj yeem ua kom yooj yim thiab muab faib ua peb theem: nkag mus rau hauv kab hauv lub cev ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm lub cev, ua kom (= cuam tshuam nrog lub hom phiaj) thiab detoxification.tshuaj lom [57, 69].Yog li ntawd, insecticide synergism uas ua rau muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj lom ua ke yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm cov pawg no, xws li kev nkag mus rau ntau dua, kev ua kom muaj zog ntau dua ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, lossis txo qis cov tshuaj tua kab hauv cov khoom xyaw.Piv txwv li, lub zog kam rau ua qeeb cuticle nkag mus los ntawm lub thickened cuticle thiab biochemical tsis kam, xws li txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab metabolism pom nyob rau hauv qee hom kab resistant [70, 71].Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm EOs hauv kev ua kom muaj tshuaj lom ntawm permethrin, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv thaiv PMD-R, tuaj yeem qhia txog kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv [57, 69, 70, 71].Tong thiab Blomquist [35] tau txhawb nqa cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb no los ntawm kev ua kom pom kev sib koom ua ke ntawm EOs thiab tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws.aegypti, muaj pov thawj ntawm inhibitory kev ua ub no tiv thaiv detoxifying enzymes, nrog rau cytochrome P450 monooxygenases thiab carboxylesterases, uas yog ze rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj tua kab.PBO tsis yog tsuas yog hais tias yog ib qho metabolic inhibitor ntawm cytochrome P450 monooxygenase tab sis kuj txhim kho kev nkag mus ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab, raws li pom los ntawm nws siv raws li kev tswj zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb sib koom ua ke [35, 72].Interestingly, 1,8-cineole, ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv cov roj galangal, paub txog nws cov tshuaj lom rau kab kab [22, 63, 73] thiab tau raug tshaj tawm tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb lom neeg [ 74] ib..75, 76, 77] ib.Tsis tas li ntawd, 1,8-cineole ua ke nrog ntau yam tshuaj xws li curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] thiab zidovudine [81] kuj muaj cov nyhuv permeation-txhawb.hauv vitro.Yog li, lub luag haujlwm ua tau ntawm 1,8-cineole hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsis yog tsuas yog ua cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig xwb tab sis kuj tseem ua rau kev nkag mus.Vim muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntau dua nrog permethrin, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawm tsam PMD-R, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov roj galangal thiab trichosanthes roj tau pom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv, piv txwv li nce permeability rau chlorine.Pyrethroids ua rau kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab inhibit detoxifying enzymes xws li cytochrome P450 monooxygenases thiab carboxylesterases.Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus no yuav tsum tau kawm ntxiv kom paub meej lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm EO thiab nws cov khoom sib cais (ib leeg lossis ua ke) hauv kev sib koom ua ke.
Xyoo 1977, kev nce qib ntawm permethrin kuj tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov vector loj hauv Thaib teb, thiab ntau xyoo tom ntej, kev siv permethrin tau hloov pauv los ntawm lwm cov tshuaj pyrethroid, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hloov los ntawm deltamethrin [82].Txawm li cas los xij, vector tsis kam rau deltamethrin thiab lwm chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab muaj ntau heev thoob plaws lub tebchaws vim kev siv ntau dhau thiab tsis tu ncua [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov teeb meem no, nws raug nquahu kom tig lossis rov siv cov tshuaj tua kab pov tseg uas yav tas los ua tau zoo thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau cov tsiaj txhu, xws li permethrin.Tam sim no, txawm hais tias kev siv tshuaj permethrin tau txo qis hauv tsoomfwv cov kev tswj hwm yoov tshaj cum tsis ntev los no, permethrin kuj tseem tuaj yeem pom hauv cov yoov tshaj cum.Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim raug yoov tshaj cum rau kev lag luam hauv tsev tshuaj tua kab, uas feem ntau muaj permethrin thiab lwm yam pyrethroids [14, 17].Yog li, kev ua tiav zoo ntawm permethrin yuav tsum muaj kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov tswv yim los txo cov vector tsis kam.Txawm hais tias tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov roj tseem ceeb uas tau kuaj ib tus zuj zus hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau zoo li permethrin, ua haujlwm ua ke nrog permethrin ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.Qhov no yog ib qho kev cog lus tias kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm EO nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv ua rau kev sib xyaw ntawm permethrin nrog EO ua haujlwm zoo dua li cov tshuaj tua kab lossis EO ib leeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawm tsam PMD-R Ae.Aedes aegypti.Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, txawm tias siv cov koob tshuaj qis dua rau kev tswj hwm vector, tuaj yeem ua rau txhim kho kev tswj hwm thiab txo cov nqi [33, 87].Los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig no, nws yog qhov txaus siab kom nco ntsoov tias A. galanga thiab C. rotundus EOs tau zoo dua li PBO hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm permethrin toxicity hauv MCM-S thiab PMD-R hom thiab yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov tshuaj ergogenic.
Cov EOs uas tau xaiv tau muaj kev sib koom ua ke tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov neeg laus toxicity tiv thaiv PMD-R Ae.aegypti, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov roj galangal, muaj tus nqi SR txog li 1233.33, qhia tias EO tau cog lus dav dav raws li kev sib koom ua ke hauv kev txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm permethrin.Qhov no tuaj yeem txhawb kev siv cov khoom siv ntuj tsim tshiab, uas ua ke tuaj yeem ua rau kev siv cov khoom tswj yoov tshaj cum zoo.Nws kuj tseem qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm ethylene oxide los ua ib qho kev sib koom ua ke los txhim kho cov laus lossis cov tshuaj tua kab ib txwm los daws cov teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm hauv cov yoov tshaj cum.Kev siv cov nroj tsuag uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj hwm yoov tshaj cum tsis yog tsuas yog txo cov kev cia siab ntawm cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws thiab kim, tab sis kuj txhawb kev siv zog hauv zej zog los txhawb kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem.
Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia meej meej cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb uas tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ethylene oxide thiab permethrin.Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm ethylene oxide raws li cov nroj tsuag synergist hauv kev tswj yoov tshaj cum, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm permethrin tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov neeg tiv taus.Kev tsim kho thiab kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav xav tau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm bioanalysis ntawm galangal thiab alpinia roj thiab lawv cov tshuaj sib cais, kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm ntuj lossis hluavtaws los tiv thaiv ntau hom thiab theem ntawm yoov tshaj cum, thiab tshuaj lom tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis yog hom phiaj.Kev siv cov ethylene oxide los ua ib qho kev sib koom ua ke.
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