Citrus, ib tsob nroj ntawm tsev neeg Arantioideae ntawm tsev neeg Rutaceae, yog ib qho ntawm cov qoob loo tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, suav txog ib feem peb ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tag nrho. Muaj ntau hom citrus, nrog rau dav-peel citrus, txiv kab ntxwv, pomelo, txiv kab ntxwv, txiv qaub thiab txiv qaub. Hauv ntau tshaj 140 lub teb chaws thiab cheeb tsam, suav nrog Tuam Tshoj, Brazil thiab Tebchaws Meskas, thaj chaw cog qoob loo ntawm citrus tau txog 10.5530 lab hm2, thiab cov khoom tso tawm yog 166.3030 lab tons. Tuam Tshoj yog lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws citrus ntau lawm thiab muag lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tsis ntev los no, thaj chaw cog thiab tso zis txuas ntxiv, nyob rau hauv 2022, thaj tsam ntawm 3,033,500 hm2, cov zis ntawm 6,039 lab tons. Txawm li cas los xij, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam citrus loj tab sis tsis muaj zog, thiab Tebchaws Meskas thiab Brazil thiab lwm lub tebchaws muaj qhov sib txawv loj.
Citrus yog tsob ntoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo nrog thaj chaw cog qoob loo ntau tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev lag luam nyob rau sab qab teb Tuam Tshoj, uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau kev lag luam kev lag luam txo qis kev lag luam kev lag luam thiab kev txhim kho nyob deb nroog. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev paub txog kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev txhim kho thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev lag luam citrus, ntsuab thiab organic citrus maj mam dhau los ua qhov chaw kub kub rau tib neeg kev noj, thiab qhov kev thov rau cov khoom zoo, muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab kev sib npaug txhua xyoo txuas ntxiv mus. nce. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam citrus raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim (kub, nag lossis daus, av zoo), kev siv tshuab ntau lawm (ntau yam, siv tshuab cog qoob loo, kev cog qoob loo, kev cog qoob loo) thiab hom kev tswj hwm, thiab lwm yam, muaj teeb meem xws li ntau yam zoo. thiab qhov tsis zoo, tsis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kab tsuag, kev paub txog hom tsis muaj zog, kev tswj hom rov qab thiab kev muag txiv hmab txiv ntoo raws caij nyoog yog qhov nyuaj. Txhawm rau txhawb kev loj hlob ntsuab thiab zoo ntawm citrus kev lag luam, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ntxiv dag zog rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm ntau yam kev txhim kho, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev poob phaus thiab txo cov tshuaj, kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev txhim kho. Cov tshuaj tua kab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub voj voog ntawm citrus thiab cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov qoob loo thiab qhov zoo ntawm citrus. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kev xaiv cov tshuaj tua kab hauv citrus ntsuab ntau lawm yog qhov nyuaj dua vim huab cua huab cua thiab kab tsuag thiab nyom.
Kev tshawb nrhiav hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau npe tshuaj tua kab ntawm Tuam Tshoj Cov Ntaub Ntawv Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob tau pom tias txij li Lub Yim Hli 24, 2023, muaj 3,243 cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab tau sau npe hauv lub xeev zoo ntawm citrus hauv Suav teb. Muaj 1515tshuaj tua kab, suav txog 46.73% ntawm tag nrho cov npe tshuaj tua kab. Muaj 684 acaricides, suav txog 21.09%; 537 fungicides, suav txog 16.56%; 475 tshuaj tua kab mob, suav txog 14.65%; Muaj 132cog kev loj hlob regulators, suav txog 4.07%. Cov tshuaj toxicity ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws yog muab faib ua 5 theem ntawm siab mus rau qis: heev toxic, high toxic, medium toxic, low toxic and me toxic. Muaj 541 yam tshuaj lom neeg nruab nrab, suav txog 16.68% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab sau npe. Muaj 2,494 yam khoom uas tsis muaj tshuaj lom, suav txog 76.90% ntawm tag nrho cov npe tshuaj tua kab. Muaj 208 yam tshuaj lom me me, suav txog 6.41% ntawm tag nrho cov npe tshuaj tua kab.
1. Kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob citrus / acaricides
Muaj 189 hom tshuaj tua kab active cov khoom xyaw siv nyob rau hauv citrus ntau lawm nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, uas 69 yog ib zaug xwb active cov khoom xyaw thiab 120 yog sib xyaw active cov khoom xyaw. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sau npe tau ntau dua li lwm pawg, suav nrog 1,515. Ntawm lawv, tag nrho ntawm 994 cov khoom tau sau npe hauv ib koob tshuaj, thiab 5 tshuaj tua kab saum toj kawg nkaus yog acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), ntxhia roj (53) thiab ethozole (51), suav txog 29.70. %. Tag nrho ntawm 521 cov khoom tau sib xyaw, thiab 5 cov tshuaj tua kab saum toj kawg nkaus hauv cov npe sau npe yog actinospirin (52 cov khoom), actinospirin (35 cov khoom), actinospirin (31 cov khoom), actinospirin (31 cov khoom) thiab dihydrazide (28 cov khoom), suav nrog 11.68%. Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Table 2, ntawm 1515 cov khoom lag luam sau npe, muaj 19 daim ntawv ntau npaum, ntawm 3 sab saum toj yog cov khoom emulsion (653), cov khoom raug tshem tawm (518) thiab cov hmoov ntub dej (169), suav txog tag nrho ntawm 88.45. %.
Muaj 83 hom khoom xyaw nquag ntawm acaricides siv hauv kev tsim cov citrus, suav nrog 24 hom ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag thiab 59 hom khoom xyaw sib xyaw. Tag nrho ntawm 684 cov khoom acaricidal tau sau npe (thib ob tsuas yog cov tshuaj tua kab), ntawm 476 yog ib tus neeg sawv cev, raws li qhia hauv Table 3. Cov tshuaj tua kab saum toj kawg nkaus 4 ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sau npe yog acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) thiab phenylbutin (26), suav txog 44.59% hauv tag nrho. Tag nrho ntawm 208 cov khoom raug muab sib xyaw, thiab 4 cov tshuaj tua kab saum toj kawg nkaus hauv cov lej sau npe yog aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · ntxhia roj (15), thiab Aviculin · ntxhia roj (13), suav txog 10.67. %. Ntawm 684 cov khoom lag luam sau npe, muaj 11 daim ntawv siv tshuaj, ntawm 3 sab saum toj yog cov khoom emulsion (330), cov khoom raug tshem tawm (198) thiab cov hmoov ntub dej (124), suav txog 95.32% ntawm tag nrho.
Cov hom thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab / acaricidal formulations ib zaug (tshwj tsis yog tshem tawm tus neeg sawv cev, microemulsion, tshem tawm emulsion thiab aqueous emulsion) ntau dua li cov khoom sib xyaw. Muaj 18 hom kev txhaj tshuaj ib zaug thiab 9 hom kev sib xyaw ua ke. Muaj 11 koob tshuaj ib zaug thiab 5 cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke ntawm acaricides. Cov khoom tswj ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sib xyaw yog Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (kab laug sab liab), Gall mite (xov zuam, xeb kab laug sab), Whitefly (Whitefly, whitefly, dub spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (txiv kab ntxwv aphididae). , aphids), tswv yim yoov (Orange Macropha), nplooj miner moth (nplooj miner), weevil (grey weevil) thiab lwm yam kab tsuag. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ib koob tshuaj yog Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (kab laug sab liab), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), practical fwj. , Tangeridae), nplooj miners (nplooj nplooj), nplooj nplooj (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), thiab Longicidae (Longicidae). Thiab lwm yam kab tsuag. Kev tswj cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj acaricides feem ntau yog mites ntawm phyllodidae (kab laug sab liab), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), nplooj miner npauj (nplooj miner), Pall mite (xov zuam), aphid (aphids). ) thiab lwm yam. Los ntawm hom tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj acaricides yog cov tshuaj tua kab, 60 thiab 21 hom, feem. Tsuas muaj 9 hom los ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha thiab ntxhia, suav nrog neem (2) thiab matrine (3) los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, thiab Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) thiab avermectin ( 103) los ntawm microbial qhov chaw. Cov khoom siv ntxhia yog cov roj ntxhia (62), pob zeb sulfur sib xyaw (7), thiab lwm pawg yog sodium rosin (6).
2. Kev sau npe ntawm citrus fungicides
Muaj 117 hom khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov khoom siv fungicide, 61 hom ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag thiab 56 hom khoom xyaw xyaw. Muaj 537 yam khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob, ntawm 406 yog ib koob tshuaj. Cov tshuaj tua kab saum toj kawg nkaus 4 tau sau npe yog imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), tooj liab hydroxide (25) thiab huab tais tooj liab (19), suav txog 29.24% hauv tag nrho. Tag nrho ntawm 131 cov khoom raug muab sib xyaw, thiab 4 cov tshuaj tua kab saum toj kawg nkaus sau npe yog Chunlei · Wang tooj liab (17), Chunlei · quinoline tooj liab (9), azole · deisen (8), thiab azole · imimine (7), suav txog 7.64% nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Table 2, muaj 18 daim ntawv ntau npaum ntawm 537 cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob fungicides, ntawm cov 3 hom uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws yog cov hmoov ntub dej (159), cov khoom raug tshem tawm (148) thiab dej-dispersed granule (86), suav nrog. rau 73.18% tag nrho. Muaj 16 hom tshuaj fungicide thiab 7 daim ntawv sib xyaw ua ke.
Fungicides tswj cov khoom yog powdery mildew, scab, black spot (dub hnub qub), grey pwm, canker, resin kab mob, anthrax thiab cia lub sij hawm kab mob (hauv paus rot, dub rot, penicillium, ntsuab pwm thiab acid rot). Cov fungicides feem ntau yog tshuaj tua kab, muaj 41 hom tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws, thiab tsuas yog 19 hom tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov ntxhia tau sau npe, ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu yog berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2). ), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Cov chaw microbial yog mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Cov pob zeb hauv av yog cuprous oxide (1), huab tais tooj liab (19), pob zeb sulfur sib tov (6), tooj liab hydroxide (25), calcium tooj liab sulfate (11), sulfur (6), ntxhia roj (4), tooj liab sulfate. (7), Bordeaux kua (11).
3. Kev sau npe ntawm citrus herbicides
Muaj 20 hom tshuaj tua kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, 14 yam ntawm cov khoom xyaw zoo ib yam thiab 6 hom khoom xyaw zoo sib xyaw. Tag nrho ntawm 475 cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau sau npe, suav nrog 467 tus neeg sawv cev ib leeg thiab 8 tus neeg sawv cev sib xyaw. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 5, cov saum toj kawg nkaus 5 tshuaj tua kab sau npe yog glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) thiab nplua glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), suav txog 94.95% tag nrho. Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Table 2, muaj 7 hom tshuaj herbicides, uas thawj 3 yog cov khoom siv dej (302), cov khoom soluble granule (78) thiab soluble hmoov khoom (69), suav txog 94.53% ntawm tag nrho. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm hom, tag nrho 20 herbicides tau chemically synthesized, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg tau sau npe.
4. Kev tso npe ntawm citrus kev loj hlob regulators
Muaj 35 yam khoom xyaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob regulators, nrog rau 19 hom ntawm ib tug neeg sawv cev thiab 16 hom sib xyaw ua ke. Muaj 132 cog kev loj hlob regulator khoom nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntawm uas 100 yog ib koob. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 6, saum toj kawg nkaus 5 sau npe citrus kev loj hlob regulators yog gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) thiab S-inducidin (5), accounting rau 59.85% nyob rau hauv tag nrho. . Tag nrho ntawm 32 cov khoom tau muab sib xyaw, thiab 3 cov khoom sau npe saum toj kawg nkaus yog benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) thiab 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), suav txog 10.61% hauv tag nrho. Raws li pom tau los ntawm Table 2, muaj tag nrho ntawm 13 daim ntawv ntau npaum ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob regulators, ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus 3 yog solubilizable khoom (52), qab zib cov khoom (19) thiab soluble hmoov khoom (13), accounting rau 63.64% nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob regulators yog tsuas yog tswj kev loj hlob, tswj tua, khaws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txhawb kev loj hlob txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nthuav, xim, nce ntau lawm thiab khaws cia. Raws li cov npe sau npe, cov tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag tseem ceeb yog cov tshuaj synthesis, nrog rau tag nrho ntawm 14 hom, thiab tsuas yog 5 hom ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha, ntawm cov khoom siv microbial yog S-allantoin (5), thiab cov khoom siv biochemical yog gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) thiab brassinolactone (1).
4. Kev tso npe ntawm citrus kev loj hlob regulators
Muaj 35 yam khoom xyaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob regulators, nrog rau 19 hom ntawm ib tug neeg sawv cev thiab 16 hom sib xyaw ua ke. Muaj 132 cog kev loj hlob regulator khoom nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntawm uas 100 yog ib koob. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 6, saum toj kawg nkaus 5 sau npe citrus kev loj hlob regulators yog gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) thiab S-inducidin (5), accounting rau 59.85% nyob rau hauv tag nrho. . Tag nrho ntawm 32 cov khoom tau muab sib xyaw, thiab 3 cov khoom sau npe saum toj kawg nkaus yog benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) thiab 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), suav txog 10.61% hauv tag nrho. Raws li pom tau los ntawm Table 2, muaj tag nrho ntawm 13 daim ntawv ntau npaum ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob regulators, ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus 3 yog solubilizable khoom (52), qab zib cov khoom (19) thiab soluble hmoov khoom (13), accounting rau 63.64% nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob regulators yog tsuas yog tswj kev loj hlob, tswj tua, khaws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txhawb kev loj hlob txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nthuav, xim, nce ntau lawm thiab khaws cia. Raws li cov npe sau npe, cov tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag tseem ceeb yog cov tshuaj synthesis, nrog rau tag nrho ntawm 14 hom, thiab tsuas yog 5 hom ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha, ntawm cov khoom siv microbial yog S-allantoin (5), thiab cov khoom siv biochemical yog gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) thiab brassinolactone (1).
Post lub sij hawm: Jun-24-2024