Txiv qaub, yog ib tsob nroj uas yog tsev neeg Arantioideae ntawm tsev neeg Rutaceae, yog ib qho ntawm cov qoob loo tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, suav txog ib feem plaub ntawm tag nrho cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv ntiaj teb. Muaj ntau hom txiv qaub, suav nrog txiv qaub dav, txiv kab ntxwv, txiv lws suav, txiv qaub ntsuab, txiv qaub thiab txiv qaub. Hauv ntau tshaj 140 lub tebchaws thiab thaj chaw, suav nrog Tuam Tshoj, Brazil thiab Tebchaws Meskas, thaj chaw cog txiv qaub tau txog 10.5530 lab hm2, thiab cov zis yog 166.3030 lab tons. Tuam Tshoj yog lub tebchaws tsim thiab muag txiv qaub loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, thaj chaw cog thiab cov zis txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv, xyoo 2022, thaj chaw ntawm kwv yees li 3,033,500 hm2, cov zis ntawm 6,039 lab tons. Txawm li cas los xij, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam txiv qaub loj tab sis tsis muaj zog, thiab Tebchaws Meskas thiab Brazil thiab lwm lub tebchaws muaj qhov sib txawv loj.
Txiv qaub yog tsob ntoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj thaj chaw cog qoob loo ntau tshaj plaws thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam hauv sab qab teb Suav teb, uas muaj lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb rau kev txo kev txom nyem hauv kev lag luam thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab hauv nroog. Nrog rau kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev paub txog kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev txhim kho kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev qhia txog kev lag luam txiv qaub, txiv qaub ntsuab thiab organic maj mam dhau los ua qhov chaw kub rau tib neeg noj, thiab qhov kev thov rau cov khoom zoo, ntau yam thiab txhua xyoo sib npaug txuas ntxiv mus. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev lag luam txiv qaub hauv Suav teb raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov yam ntuj tsim (kub, nag, av zoo), thev naus laus zis tsim khoom (ntau yam, thev naus laus zis cog qoob loo, kev siv ua liaj ua teb) thiab hom kev tswj hwm, thiab lwm yam, muaj teeb meem xws li ntau yam zoo thiab phem, tsis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kab tsuag, kev paub txog hom tsis muaj zog, hom kev tswj hwm rov qab thiab kev muag txiv hmab txiv ntoo raws caij nyoog nyuaj. Txhawm rau txhawb kev txhim kho ntsuab thiab zoo ntawm kev lag luam txiv qaub, nws yog qhov ceev kom txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb txog kev txhim kho ntau yam, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm kev poob phaus thiab txo cov tshuaj, kev txhim kho zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cov tshuaj tua kab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub voj voog tsim khoom ntawm txiv qaub thiab cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov qoob loo thiab zoo ntawm txiv qaub. Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev xaiv cov tshuaj tua kab hauv kev tsim cov txiv qaub ntsuab yog qhov nyuaj dua vim yog huab cua hnyav thiab cov kab tsuag thiab cov nyom.
Kev tshawb nrhiav hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau npe tshuaj tua kab ntawm Tuam Tshoj Pesticide Information Network pom tias txij li Lub Yim Hli 24, 2023, muaj 3,243 cov khoom tshuaj tua kab sau npe rau hauv lub xeev siv tau rau txiv qaub hauv Suav teb. Muaj 1515tshuaj tua kab, suav txog 46.73% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab uas tau sau npe. Muaj 684 acaricides, suav txog 21.09%; 537 fungicides, suav txog 16.56%; 475 herbicides, suav txog 14.65%; Muaj 132cov tshuaj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, suav txog 4.07%. Qhov tshuaj lom ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hauv peb lub tebchaws tau muab faib ua 5 theem los ntawm siab mus rau qis: tshuaj lom heev, tshuaj lom heev, tshuaj lom nruab nrab, tshuaj lom tsawg thiab tshuaj lom me me. Muaj 541 yam khoom muaj tshuaj lom nruab nrab, suav txog 16.68% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab sau npe. Muaj 2,494 yam khoom muaj tshuaj lom tsawg, suav txog 76.90% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab sau npe. Muaj 208 yam khoom muaj tshuaj lom me me, suav txog 6.41% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab sau npe.
1. Xwm txheej sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab/tshuaj tua kab txiv qaub
Muaj 189 hom tshuaj tua kab uas siv rau hauv kev tsim txiv qaub hauv Suav teb, uas 69 yog cov khoom xyaw nquag siv ib zaug xwb thiab 120 yog cov khoom xyaw nquag sib xyaw. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas tau sau npe yog ntau dua li lwm pawg, tag nrho 1,515. Ntawm lawv, tag nrho ntawm 994 cov khoom tau sau npe hauv ib zaug xwb, thiab 5 cov tshuaj tua kab saum toj kawg nkaus yog acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), roj av (53) thiab ethozole (51), suav txog 29.70%. Tag nrho ntawm 521 cov khoom tau sib xyaw, thiab 5 cov tshuaj tua kab saum toj kawg nkaus hauv cov khoom sau npe yog actinospirin (52 cov khoom), actinospirin (35 cov khoom), actinospirin (31 cov khoom), actinospirin (31 cov khoom) thiab dihydrazide (28 cov khoom), suav txog 11.68%. Raws li pom los ntawm Rooj 2, ntawm 1515 cov khoom sau npe, muaj 19 daim ntawv tshuaj, uas 3 sab saum toj yog cov khoom emulsion (653), cov khoom ncua (518) thiab cov hmoov ntub (169), suav txog tag nrho 88.45%.
Muaj 83 hom tshuaj tua kab mob acaricides siv rau hauv kev tsim cov txiv qaub, suav nrog 24 hom tshuaj ib leeg thiab 59 hom tshuaj sib xyaw. Tag nrho muaj 684 yam khoom acaricidal tau sau npe (qhov thib ob tsuas yog tshuaj tua kab), uas 476 yog cov neeg sawv cev ib leeg, raws li tau pom hauv Rooj 3. 4 hom tshuaj tua kab sab saum toj hauv tus lej ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sau npe yog acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) thiab phenylbutin (26), suav txog 44.59% tag nrho. Tag nrho muaj 208 yam khoom tau sib xyaw, thiab 4 hom tshuaj tua kab sab saum toj hauv tus lej sau npe yog aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · roj av (15), thiab Aviculin · roj av (13), suav txog 10.67%. Ntawm 684 cov khoom lag luam uas tau sau npe, muaj 11 daim ntawv tshuaj, uas 3 sab saum toj yog cov khoom emulsion (330), cov khoom siv ncua (198) thiab cov hmoov ntub dej (124), suav txog 95.32% tag nrho.
Cov hom thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab/acaricidal ib koob tshuaj (tshwj tsis yog cov tshuaj uas raug ncua, microemulsion, suspended emulsion thiab aqueous emulsion) muaj ntau dua li cov sib xyaw. Muaj 18 hom tshuaj uas raug ncua ib koob tshuaj thiab 9 hom tshuaj sib xyaw. Muaj 11 hom tshuaj uas raug ncua ib koob tshuaj thiab 5 hom tshuaj sib xyaw. Cov khoom siv tswj ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sib xyaw yog Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (kab laug liab), Gall mite (kab laug xeb, kab laug xeb), Whitefly (Dawb dawb, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (kab laug txiv kab ntxwv, aphids), yoov ua tau (Txiv kab ntxwv Macropha), nplooj miner moth (nplooj miner), weevil (grey weevil) thiab lwm yam kab tsuag. Cov khoom tswj tseem ceeb ntawm ib koob tshuaj yog Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (kab laug liab), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Dawb), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), yoov ua tau zoo (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), cov neeg khawb nplooj (leafleafers), leafleafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), thiab Longicidae (Longicidae). Thiab lwm yam kab tsuag. Cov khoom tswj ntawm cov tshuaj acaricides sau npe yog feem ntau yog cov kab ntawm phyllodidae (kab laug liab), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), npauj npaim khawb nplooj (leaf miner), Pall mite (xeb tick), aphid (aphids) thiab lwm yam. Los ntawm cov hom tshuaj tua kab thiab acaricides feem ntau yog cov tshuaj tua kab, 60 thiab 21 hom, raws li. Tsuas muaj 9 hom tsiaj txhu los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lub cev thiab cov zaub mov, suav nrog neem (2) thiab matrine (3) los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, thiab Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) thiab avermectin (103) los ntawm cov khoom siv microbial. Cov khoom siv hauv lub cev yog cov roj av (62), cov tshuaj sulfur sib xyaw ua ke ntawm pob zeb (7), thiab lwm pawg yog sodium rosin (6).
2. Kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob txiv qaub
Muaj 117 hom khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov khoom siv tua kab mob fungicide, 61 hom khoom xyaw nquag thiab 56 hom khoom xyaw sib xyaw. Muaj 537 cov khoom siv tua kab mob cuam tshuam, uas 406 yog cov koob tshuaj ib zaug xwb. 4 cov tshuaj tua kab mob sau npe saum toj kawg nkaus yog imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), tooj liab hydroxide (25) thiab tooj liab huab tais (19), suav txog 29.24% tag nrho. Tag nrho ntawm 131 cov khoom tau sib xyaw, thiab 4 cov tshuaj tua kab mob sau npe saum toj kawg nkaus yog Chunlei · Wang tooj liab (17), Chunlei · quinoline tooj liab (9), azole · deisen (8), thiab azole · imimine (7), suav txog 7.64% tag nrho. Raws li pom los ntawm Rooj 2, muaj 18 daim ntawv tshuaj ntawm 537 cov khoom siv tua kab mob fungicide, ntawm cov uas 3 hom saum toj kawg nkaus nrog tus lej ntau tshaj plaws yog hmoov ntub (159), cov khoom ncua (148) thiab cov hmoov dej faib (86), suav txog 73.18% tag nrho. Muaj 16 daim ntawv tshuaj tua kab mob ib zaug thiab 7 daim ntawv tshuaj sib xyaw.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob fungal uas siv los tswj cov kab mob no yog cov kab mob powdery mildew, scab, black spot (dub star), grey pwm, canker, resin disease, anthrax thiab cov kab mob uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm khaws cia (root rot, black rot, penicillium, green pwm thiab acid rot). Cov tshuaj tua kab mob fungal feem ntau yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob, muaj 41 hom tshuaj tua kab mob synthetic, thiab tsuas yog 19 hom biological thiab minerals xwb uas tau sau npe, ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu yog berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Cov kab mob microbial yog mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Cov minerals yog cuprous oxide (1), king copper (19), stone sulfur mixture (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfur (6), mineral oil (4), basic copper sulfate (7), Bordeaux kua (11).
3. Kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab txiv qaub
Muaj 20 hom tshuaj tua kab uas siv tau zoo, 14 hom tshuaj uas siv tau ib yam nkaus thiab 6 hom tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke. Tag nrho muaj 475 yam tshuaj tua kab uas tau sau npe, suav nrog 467 yam tshuaj ib yam nkaus thiab 8 yam tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke. Raws li tau pom hauv Rooj 5, 5 yam tshuaj tua kab uas tau sau npe saum toj kawg nkaus yog glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) thiab glyphosate ammonium ammonium zoo (6), suav txog 94.95% tag nrho. Raws li pom los ntawm Rooj 2, muaj 7 hom tshuaj tua kab, uas thawj 3 yog cov khoom siv dej (302), cov khoom siv soluble granule (78) thiab cov khoom siv hmoov soluble (69), suav txog 94.53% tag nrho. Hais txog hom tsiaj, tag nrho 20 yam tshuaj tua kab tau tsim los ntawm tshuaj lom neeg, thiab tsis muaj cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tau sau npe.
4. Kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm txiv qaub
Muaj 35 hom khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov tshuaj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, suav nrog 19 hom tshuaj ib leeg thiab 16 hom tshuaj sib xyaw. Muaj tag nrho 132 cov khoom tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas 100 yog ib koob tshuaj. Raws li tau pom hauv Rooj 6, 5 cov tshuaj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov txiv qaub uas tau sau npe yog gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) thiab S-inducidin (5), suav txog 59.85% tag nrho. Tag nrho ntawm 32 cov khoom tau sib xyaw, thiab 3 cov khoom sau npe yog benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) thiab 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), suav txog 10.61% tag nrho. Raws li pom los ntawm Rooj 2, muaj tag nrho 13 hom tshuaj uas tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus 3 yog cov khoom yaj tau (52), cov khoom qab zib (19) thiab cov khoom hmoov yaj tau (13), suav txog 63.64% tag nrho. Cov haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag tswj kev loj hlob yog feem ntau los tswj kev loj hlob, tswj kev tua, khaws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nthuav dav, xim, nce kev tsim khoom thiab kev khaws cia. Raws li cov hom tsiaj uas tau sau npe, cov tshuaj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag tseem ceeb yog kev tsim tshuaj lom neeg, nrog rau tag nrho 14 hom tsiaj, thiab tsuas yog 5 hom tsiaj txhu, ntawm cov tsiaj txhu yog S-allantoin (5), thiab cov khoom siv biochemical yog gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) thiab brassinolactone (1).
4. Kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm txiv qaub
Muaj 35 hom khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov tshuaj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, suav nrog 19 hom tshuaj ib leeg thiab 16 hom tshuaj sib xyaw. Muaj tag nrho 132 cov khoom tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas 100 yog ib koob tshuaj. Raws li tau pom hauv Rooj 6, 5 cov tshuaj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov txiv qaub uas tau sau npe yog gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) thiab S-inducidin (5), suav txog 59.85% tag nrho. Tag nrho ntawm 32 cov khoom tau sib xyaw, thiab 3 cov khoom sau npe yog benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) thiab 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), suav txog 10.61% tag nrho. Raws li pom los ntawm Rooj 2, muaj tag nrho 13 hom tshuaj uas tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus 3 yog cov khoom yaj tau (52), cov khoom qab zib (19) thiab cov khoom hmoov yaj tau (13), suav txog 63.64% tag nrho. Cov haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag tswj kev loj hlob yog feem ntau los tswj kev loj hlob, tswj kev tua, khaws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nthuav dav, xim, nce kev tsim khoom thiab kev khaws cia. Raws li cov hom tsiaj uas tau sau npe, cov tshuaj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag tseem ceeb yog kev tsim tshuaj lom neeg, nrog rau tag nrho 14 hom tsiaj, thiab tsuas yog 5 hom tsiaj txhu, ntawm cov tsiaj txhu yog S-allantoin (5), thiab cov khoom siv biochemical yog gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) thiab brassinolactone (1).
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Rau Hli-24-2024