Biopesticides yog ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb los siv "Green Food System lub tswv yim" hauv Nyiv. Daim ntawv no piav qhia txog lub ntsiab lus thiab qeb ntawm biopesticides hauv Nyij Pooj, thiab faib cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj biopesticides hauv Nyij Pooj, txhawm rau muab kev siv rau kev txhim kho thiab siv cov tshuaj biopesticides hauv lwm lub tebchaws.
Vim tias thaj tsam tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv thaj av hauv Nyij Pooj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv tshuaj tua kab ntau ntxiv thiab cov chiv kom nce qoob loo ntawm ib cheeb tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv tshuaj tua kab ntau ntau tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, thiab nws tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb los tiv thaiv av, dej, biodiversity, thaj chaw nyob deb nroog thiab kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov kom ua tiav kev ua liaj ua teb thiab ib puag ncig. Nrog cov tshuaj tua kab ntau nyob hauv cov qoob loo ua rau muaj cov kab mob ntau ntxiv, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov pej xeem nyiam siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo dua thiab zoo ib puag ncig.
Zoo ib yam li European ua liaj ua teb-rau-Fork teg num, tsoomfwv Nyij Pooj thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2021 tau tsim "Green Food System Strategy" uas lub hom phiaj txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab los ntawm 50% los ntawm 2050 thiab nce thaj tsam ntawm kev cog qoob loo rau cov organic. 1 lab hm2 (sib npaug rau 25% ntawm Nyiv lub teb chaws thaj tsam). Lub tswv yim nrhiav kev txhim kho cov khoom tsim tau thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov zaub mov, kev ua liaj ua teb, hav zoov thiab kev nuv ntses los ntawm cov kev ntsuas tshiab Resilience (MeaDRI), suav nrog kev tswj xyuas kab tsuag, txhim kho cov txheej txheem siv thiab kev tsim cov kev hloov tshiab. Ntawm lawv, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev txhim kho, kev siv thiab kev txhawb nqa kev tswj hwm kev sib xyaw ua ke (IPM), thiab tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticide yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej.
1. Txhais thiab qeb ntawm biopesticides nyob rau hauv Nyiv
Biopesticides yog txheeb ze rau cov tshuaj tua kab los yog hluavtaws, thiab feem ntau xa mus rau cov tshuaj tua kab uas muaj kev nyab xeeb los yog tus phooj ywg zoo rau tib neeg, ib puag ncig thiab ecology siv lossis raws li cov khoom siv roj ntsha. Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag, cov tshuaj biopesticides tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no: thawj zaug, cov tshuaj tua kab microbial, suav nrog cov kab mob, cov kab mob, cov kab mob thiab cov tsiaj txhu qub (kuj hloov kho) cov kab mob nyob hauv microbial thiab lawv cov metabolites secreted; Qhov thib ob yog cov nroj tsuag tshuaj tua kab, suav nrog cov nroj tsuag muaj sia thiab lawv cov kev rho tawm, cov nroj tsuag embedded tiv thaiv kab mob (cov qoob loo hloov kho cov noob caj noob ces); Thib peb, cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm, suav nrog cov kab mob nyob hauv cov kab mob nematodes, cov kab mob parasitic thiab predatory tsiaj thiab tsiaj rho tawm (xws li pheromones). Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab lwm lub tebchaws kuj tau faib cov tshuaj tua kab hauv ntuj xws li cov roj ntxhia ua cov tshuaj biopesticides.
Nyiv lub SEIJ faib cov tshuaj biopesticides rau hauv cov kab mob muaj sia thiab cov tshuaj tua kab biogenic, thiab faib cov pheromones, microbial metabolites (cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua liaj ua teb), cov nroj tsuag extracts, cov tshuaj tua kab hauv cov ntxhia, cov tsiaj rho tawm (xws li arthropod venom), nanoantibodies tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv kab mob. tshuaj tua kab. Lub Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives ntawm Nyij Pooj faib cov tshuaj tua kab mob Japanese rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab arthropods, cov yeeb ncuab ntuj nematodes, cov kab mob thiab cov khoom siv biogenic, thiab cais cov kab mob uas tsis muaj zog Bacillus thuringiensis ua cov kab mob thiab tsis suav nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua liaj ua teb los ntawm qeb ntawm biopesticides. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev tswj xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab tiag tiag, Japanese biopesticides txhais tau nqaim tias yog tshuaj tua kab mob lom neeg, uas yog, "cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob xws li cov kab mob antagonistic, cov kab mob nroj tsuag kab mob, kab kab mob kab mob, kab kab mob cab nematodes, kab mob thiab cov kab mob predatory arthropods siv los tswj cov kab mob. pests". Hauv lwm lo lus, Japanese biopesticides yog cov tshuaj tua kab uas ua lag luam cov kab mob muaj sia xws li cov kab mob, cov kab mob entomopathetic nematodes thiab cov yeeb ncuab ntuj tsim cov khoom xyaw, thaum ntau hom thiab hom tshuaj lom neeg sau npe hauv Nyij Pooj tsis koom nrog hauv qeb ntawm biopesticides. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li Nyiv lub "Kev ntsuas rau kev kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Kev Ntsuas Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb muaj feem xyuam rau daim ntawv thov rau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob microbial", kev hloov kho cov kab mob thiab cov nroj tsuag tsis nyob rau hauv kev tswj cov tshuaj tua kab hauv Nyiv. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry thiab Fisheries kuj tau pib ua cov txheej txheem rov ntsuam xyuas cov tshuaj biopesticides thiab tsim cov qauv tshiab rau kev tsis sau npe tshuaj biopesticides kom txo tau qhov kev thov thiab kev sib kis ntawm biopesticides yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau thaj chaw. los yog kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig nyob.
Qhov kev tso tawm tshiab "Cov npe ntawm cov khoom cog qoob loo" los ntawm Nyiv Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry thiab Fisheries hauv 2022 suav tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticide thiab qee cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm cov keeb kwm lom neeg. Nyiv biopesticides raug zam los ntawm kev tsim Cov Khoom Siv Txhua Hnub (ADI) thiab qhov siab tshaj qhov txwv tsis pub (MRL), ob qho tib si tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom ua liaj ua teb raws li Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv Nyiv
Raws li lub teb chaws tus thawj coj hauv kev txhim kho thiab siv cov tshuaj biopesticides, Nyiv muaj cov kev tswj xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab ua tiav thiab muaj ntau yam kev sau npe tshuaj biopesticides. Raws li tus kws sau ntawv txheeb cais, txij li xyoo 2023, muaj 99 qhov kev npaj tshuaj lom neeg tau sau npe thiab siv tau hauv Nyij Pooj, suav nrog 47 cov khoom xyaw nquag, suav txog li 8.5% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sau npe. Ntawm lawv, 35 cov khoom xyaw yog siv rau tshuaj tua kab (xws li 2 nematocides), 12 cov khoom xyaw yog siv los ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab lossis lwm yam siv (Daim duab 1). Txawm hais tias pheromones tsis yog nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm biopesticides nyob rau hauv Nyiv, lawv feem ntau yog txhawb thiab siv ua ke nrog biopesticides raws li organic cog inputs.
2.1 Cov tshuaj tua kab mob lom ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ntuj
Muaj 22 cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov yeeb ncuab biopesticides sau npe hauv Nyij Pooj, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua kab kab kab, kab predatory thiab predatory mites raws li hom tsiaj thiab hom kev ua. Ntawm lawv, kab predatory thiab predatory mites prey ntawm cov kab teeb meem rau zaub mov, thiab kab mob cab nteg qe nyob rau hauv kab kab kab kab thiab lawv hatched larvae pub rau tus tswv thiab tsim los tua tus tswv tsev. Cov kab kab kab mob parasitic hymenoptera, xws li aphid muv, aphid muv, aphid muv, aphid muv, aphid muv, hemiptera muv thiab Mylostomus japonicus, sau npe nyob rau hauv Nyiv, feem ntau yog siv rau kev tswj ntawm aphids, yoov thiab whiteflies ntawm zaub cultivated nyob rau hauv tsev xog paj, thiab cov tsiaj nyeg chrysoptera, kab laum kab, ladybug thiab thrips yog tsuas yog siv rau kev tswj ntawm aphids, thrips thiab whiteflies ntawm zaub cultivated nyob rau hauv tsev xog paj. Lub predatory mites yog tsuas yog siv rau kev tswj ntawm kab laug sab liab, nplooj mite, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips thiab whitefly ntawm zaub, paj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntoo, taum thiab qos yaj ywm cultivated nyob rau hauv tsev xog paj, nrog rau cov zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntoo thiab tshuaj yej cog nyob rau hauv. teb. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (= Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Cov npe ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ntuj xws li O. sauteri tsis yog.
2.2 Cov tshuaj tua kab mob microbial
Muaj 23 hom tshuaj tua kab mob microbial active cov khoom xyaw sau npe hauv Nyiv, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob / fungicides, kab mob tshuaj tua kab / fungicides thiab fungal insecticides / fungicides raws li hom thiab kev siv cov kab mob. Ntawm lawv, cov tshuaj tua kab mob microbial tua lossis tswj cov kab tsuag los ntawm kev sib kis, sib faib thiab zais cov co toxins. Microbial fungicides tswj cov kab mob pathogenic los ntawm kev sib tw colonization, tso tawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob lossis cov metabolites theem nrab, thiab induction ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis kam [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum thiab Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Thiab sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob microbial pflexonas xws li X. Drechslera monoceras tsis tau txuas dua tshiab.
2.2.1 Microbial insecticides
Cov kab mob granular thiab nuclear polyhedroid kab mob tshuaj tua kab sau npe hauv Nyij Pooj feem ntau yog siv los tswj cov kab mob tshwj xeeb xws li cov kua ringworm, tshuaj yej ringworm thiab tshuaj yej longleaf ringworm, nrog rau Streptococcus aureus ntawm cov qoob loo xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub thiab taum. Raws li kev siv tshuaj tua kab ntau tshaj plaws, Bacillus thuringiensis feem ntau yog siv los tswj cov kab mob lepidoptera thiab hemiptera ntawm cov qoob loo xws li zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nplej, qos yaj ywm thiab turf. Ntawm cov npe tshuaj tua kab mob fungal, Beauveria bassiana feem ntau yog siv los tswj cov zom thiab stinging qhov ncauj kab tsuag xws li thrips, nplai kab, whiteflies, mites, beetles, pob zeb diamond thiab aphids ntawm zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntoo thuv thiab tshuaj yej. Beauveria brucei yog siv los tswj cov kab mob coleoptera xws li longiceps thiab kab nyob rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntoo, angelica, cherry blossoms thiab shiitake nceb. Metarhizium anisopliae siv los tswj thrips hauv tsev cog qoob loo ntawm zaub thiab txiv nkhaus taw; Paecilomyces furosus thiab Paecilopus pectus tau siv los tswj whitefly, aphids thiab kab laug sab liab hauv tsev cog zaub thiab strawberries. Cov fungus yog siv los tswj whiteflies thiab thrips nyob rau hauv tsev cog khoom cog zaub, mangoes, chrysanthemums thiab lisiflorum.
Raws li tsuas yog microbial nematocide tau sau npe thiab siv tau hauv Nyiv, Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum yog siv rau hauv paus pob txha nematode tswj hauv zaub, qos yaj ywm thiab figs.
2.2.2 Microbiocides
Cov kab mob zoo li fungicide zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain sau npe nyob rau hauv Nyiv tau siv rau kev tswj ntawm Mosaic kab mob thiab fusarium wilt tshwm sim los ntawm dib ntsig txog tus kab mob. Ntawm cov kab mob fungicides sau npe hauv Nyij Pooj, Bacillus amylolitica yog siv los tswj cov kab mob fungal xws li xim av rot, grey pwm, dub blight, kab mob dawb hnub qub, powdery mildew, pwm dub, nplooj pwm, kab mob, kab mob dawb thiab nplooj blight. ntawm zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, paj, hops thiab luam yeeb. Bacillus simplex tau siv los tiv thaiv thiab kho cov kab mob wilt thiab kab mob blight ntawm mov. Bacillus subtilis yog siv rau kev tswj cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob fungal xws li grey pwm, powdery mildew, kab mob hnub qub dub, nplej blast, nplooj mildew, dub blight, nplooj blight, dawb chaw, speckle, kab mob canker, blight, dub pwm kab mob, kab mob xim av, nplooj dub blight thiab kab mob kab mob ntawm zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, mov, paj thiab ornamental nroj tsuag, taum, qos yaj ywm, hops, luam yeeb thiab nceb. Cov kab mob uas tsis yog kab mob ntawm Erwenella soft rot carrot subspecies yog siv rau kev tswj cov mos lwj thiab kab mob canker ntawm zaub, citrus, cyclen thiab qos yaj ywm. Pseudomonas fluorescens yog siv los tswj rot, dub rot, kab mob dub rot thiab paj bud rot ntawm nplooj zaub. Pseudomonas roseni yog siv rau kev tswj ntawm mos rot, dub rot, rot, paj bud rot, kab mob chaw, kab mob dub chaw, kab mob perforation, kab mob mos rot, kab mob qia blight, kab mob ceg blight thiab kab mob canker ntawm zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Phagocytophage mirabile yog siv los tswj cov kab mob hauv paus o ntawm cov zaub cruciferous, thiab cov kab mob pob tawb daj yog siv rau kev tswj cov kab mob mildew, pwm dub, anthrax, nplooj pwm, grey pwm, nplej blast, kab mob blight, kab mob wilt, xim av streak. , phem yub kab mob thiab seedling blight ntawm zaub, strawberries thiab mov, thiab txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov qoob loo. Lactobacillus plantarum yog siv los tswj cov rot ntawm cov zaub thiab qos yaj ywm. Ntawm cov fungicides sau npe hauv Nyij Pooj, Scutellaria microscutella tau siv los tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab mob sclerotium rot hauv zaub, dub rot rot rot hauv scallions thiab qej. Trichoderma viridis yog siv los tswj cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob fungal xws li nplej blight, kab mob xim av streak kab mob, nplooj blight thiab nplej blast, nrog rau asparagus ntshav streak kab mob thiab haus luam yeeb dawb kab mob.
2.3 Entomopathogenic nematodes
Muaj ob hom kab mob entomopathogenic nematodes tau sau npe zoo hauv Nyij Pooj, thiab lawv cov txheej txheem tshuaj tua kab [1-2, 11] feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam cov tshuab kev puas tsuaj, kev noj zaub mov noj thiab cov ntaub so ntswg puas tsuaj, thiab cov kab mob symbiotic secreting toxins. Steinernema carpocapsae thiab S. glaseri, sau npe nyob rau hauv Nyiv, tsuas yog siv cov qos yaj ywm qab zib, txiv ntseej, figs, paj thiab nplooj ntoo, cherry blossoms, plums, txiv duaj, liab berries, txiv apples, nceb, zaub, turf thiab ginkgo Tswj kab tsuag. xws li Megalophora, txiv ntseej weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Liab Xibtes Weestro, daj Lub hnub qub Longicornis, Peach Neck-caj dab Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Ob chav tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tsob Ntoo Borer, Peach me zaub mov cab, aculema Japonica thiab liab fungus. Kev sau npe ntawm cov kab mob entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai tsis tau rov ua dua tshiab.
3. Cov ntsiab lus thiab kev pom
Hauv Nyij Pooj, biopesticides yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov, tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab biodiversity, thiab tswj kev ua liaj ua teb kom ruaj khov. Tsis zoo li lub teb chaws thiab cheeb tsam xws li Tebchaws Meskas, European Union, Tuam Tshoj thiab Nyab Laj [1, 7-8], Japanese biopesticides tau luv luv txhais tias tsis yog hloov kho cov kab mob biocontrols uas tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom cog qoob loo. Tam sim no, muaj 47 cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas tau sau npe thiab siv tau hauv Nyij Pooj, uas yog cov yeeb ncuab ntuj, kab mob thiab kab kab mob nematodes, thiab siv rau kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab mob arthropods, cov kab mob cab nematodes thiab cov kab mob hauv tsev cog qoob loo thiab teb cov qoob loo xws li. xws li zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nplej, tshuaj yej ntoo, ntoo, paj thiab ornamental nroj tsuag thiab nyom. Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj biopesticides muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb siab, tsis tshua muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev tshawb nrhiav tus kheej lossis rov tshem tawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab tsuag hauv cov xwm txheej zoo, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev thiab kev txuag kev ua haujlwm, lawv kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo xws li kev ruaj ntseg tsis zoo, kev ua haujlwm qeeb, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. , tswj spectrum thiab nqaim siv lub qhov rais. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov qoob loo thiab tswj cov khoom siv rau kev sau npe thiab kev siv tshuaj tua kab hauv Nyij Pooj kuj tseem txwv, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov cov tshuaj tua kab kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Raws li kev txheeb cais [3], xyoo 2020, tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj biopesticides siv hauv Nyij Pooj tsuas yog 0.8%, uas yog qis dua qhov feem pua ntawm cov npe ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag.
Raws li txoj kev loj hlob tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj tua kab rau yav tom ntej, biopesticides tau raug tshawb fawb thiab tsim thiab sau npe rau kev ua liaj ua teb. Ua ke nrog kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus nqi kom zoo dua ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho biopesticide, kev txhim kho cov zaub mov kev nyab xeeb thiab zoo, ib puag ncig load thiab kev ua liaj ua teb sustainable kev loj hlob yuav tsum, Nyiv lub biopesticide kev lag luam tseem loj hlob sai. Inkwood Kev Tshawb Fawb kwv yees tias kev lag luam Japanese biopesticide yuav loj hlob ntawm kev loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm 22.8% los ntawm 2017 txog 2025, thiab xav tias yuav ncav cuag $ 729 lab hauv 2025. Nrog rau kev siv "Green Food System Strategy", siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticides. nyob rau hauv Japanese ua liaj ua teb
Post lub sij hawm: May-14-2024