Cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb los siv "Lub Tswv Yim Zaub Mov Ntsuab" hauv Nyiv Pooj. Daim ntawv no piav qhia txog kev txhais thiab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv Nyiv Pooj, thiab faib cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv Nyiv Pooj, txhawm rau muab cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tsim kho thiab kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv lwm lub tebchaws.
Vim tias thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb hauv Nyiv Pooj muaj tsawg heev, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum siv tshuaj tua kab thiab chiv ntau dua kom nce cov qoob loo ib cheeb tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv ntau cov tshuaj tua kab tau ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab rau ib puag ncig, thiab nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev los tiv thaiv av, dej, kev muaj ntau haiv neeg, thaj chaw nyob deb nroog thiab kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov kom ua tiav kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev txhim kho ib puag ncig. Nrog rau cov tshuaj tua kab ntau hauv cov qoob loo ua rau muaj cov kab mob pej xeem ntau ntxiv, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov pej xeem feem ntau siv cov tshuaj tua kab uas muaj kev nyab xeeb dua thiab zoo rau ib puag ncig.
Ib yam li European farm-to-Fork initiative, tsoomfwv Nyiv Pooj thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2021 tau tsim "Green Food System Strategy" uas lub hom phiaj yog kom txo qhov kev siv tshuaj tua kab uas muaj kev pheej hmoo los ntawm 50% los ntawm xyoo 2050 thiab nce thaj chaw cog qoob loo organic mus rau 1 lab hm2 (sib npaug rau 25% ntawm thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb hauv Nyiv Pooj). Lub tswv yim no nrhiav kev txhim kho kev tsim khoom thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom noj, kev ua liaj ua teb, kev cog ntoo thiab kev nuv ntses los ntawm kev ntsuas Resilience tshiab (MeaDRI), suav nrog kev tswj kab tsuag sib xyaw, cov txheej txheem siv zoo dua thiab kev tsim cov kev xaiv tshiab. Ntawm lawv, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev tsim kho, kev siv thiab kev txhawb nqa kev tswj kab tsuag sib xyaw (IPM), thiab cov tshuaj tua kab yog ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb.
1. Kev txhais thiab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv Nyiv Pooj
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticides yog piv rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshuaj lom neeg lossis cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsim, thiab feem ntau yog hais txog cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj kev nyab xeeb lossis tus phooj ywg rau tib neeg, ib puag ncig thiab ecology siv lossis raws li cov khoom siv biological. Raws li qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag, cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticides tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no: thawj zaug, cov tshuaj tua kab mob microbial, suav nrog cov kab mob, fungi, viruses thiab cov tsiaj txhu thawj (hloov kho caj ces) cov kab mob me me thiab lawv cov metabolites secreted; Qhov thib ob yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob cog, suav nrog cov nroj tsuag muaj sia nyob thiab lawv cov extracts, cov nroj tsuag embedded tiv thaiv cov neeg sawv cev (cov qoob loo hloov kho caj ces); Qhov thib peb, cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm, suav nrog cov nematodes entomopathetic nyob, cov tsiaj parasitic thiab predatory thiab cov tsiaj extracts (xws li pheromones). Tebchaws Meskas thiab lwm lub tebchaws kuj faib cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntuj tsim xws li cov roj av ua biopesticides.
SEIJ ntawm Nyiv Pooj faib cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj sia nyob thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, thiab faib cov pheromones, cov tshuaj tua kab mob me me (cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua liaj ua teb), cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj cov ntxhia, cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj tsiaj (xws li cov tshuaj lom arthropod), nanoantibodies, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj sia nyob. Lub Koom Haum Ua Liaj Ua Teb ntawm Nyiv Pooj faib cov tshuaj tua kab mob Nyiv Pooj ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, cov nematodes uas muaj sia nyob, cov kab mob me me thiab cov tshuaj uas muaj sia nyob, thiab faib cov Bacillus thuringiensis uas tsis ua haujlwm ua cov kab mob me me thiab tsis suav nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua liaj ua teb los ntawm pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev tswj cov tshuaj tua kab mob tiag tiag, cov tshuaj tua kab mob Nyiv Pooj tau txhais meej tias yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, uas yog, "cov tshuaj tswj kab mob xws li cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, cov kab mob uas muaj kab mob cog, cov kab mob uas muaj kab mob, cov kab mob uas muaj kab mob nematodes, cov kab mob uas muaj kab mob thiab cov kab mob uas siv rau kev tswj cov kab tsuag". Hauv lwm lo lus, cov tshuaj tua kab mob Nyiv yog cov tshuaj tua kab uas ua lag luam cov kab mob muaj sia xws li cov kab mob me me, cov kab mob entomopathetic thiab cov kab mob yeeb ncuab ntuj tsim ua cov khoom xyaw nquag, thaum cov ntau yam thiab hom tshuaj lom neeg sau npe hauv Nyiv tsis koom nrog pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li Nyiv "Kev Ntsuas rau Kev Kho Mob ntawm Cov Txiaj Ntsig ntawm Kev Ntsuas Kev Nyab Xeeb ntsig txog daim ntawv thov rau Kev Sau Npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob microbial", cov kab mob hloov kho caj ces thiab cov nroj tsuag tsis nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv Nyiv. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry thiab Fisheries kuj tau pib cov txheej txheem rov ntsuam xyuas rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tsim cov qauv tshiab rau kev tsis sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob kom txo qhov ua tau tias kev siv thiab kev kis cov tshuaj tua kab mob yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau qhov chaw nyob lossis kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag hauv qhov chaw nyob.
Xyoo 2022, "Daim Ntawv Teev Cov Khoom Siv Cog Qoob Loo" uas tau tso tawm tshiab los ntawm Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry thiab Fisheries ntawm Nyiv Pooj, suav nrog txhua yam tshuaj tua kab thiab qee yam tshuaj tua kab uas muaj keeb kwm los ntawm tsiaj txhu. Cov tshuaj tua kab Nyiv Pooj tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov cai tso cai txhua hnub (ADI) thiab cov khoom seem siab tshaj plaws (MRL), ob qho tib si tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom ua liaj ua teb raws li Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Kev txheeb xyuas txog kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv Nyiv Pooj
Ua ib lub teb chaws ua thawj coj hauv kev tsim thiab siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticides, Nyiv Pooj muaj ib lub kaw lus tswj kev sau npe tshuaj tua kab mob tiav thiab muaj ntau yam kev sau npe tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticides. Raws li tus sau cov ntaub ntawv, txij li xyoo 2023, muaj 99 cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopharmaceutical uas tau sau npe thiab siv tau zoo hauv Nyiv Pooj, uas muaj 47 yam khoom xyaw nquag, suav txog li 8.5% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob sau npe. Ntawm lawv, 35 yam khoom xyaw siv rau tshuaj tua kab mob (suav nrog 2 nematocides), 12 yam khoom xyaw siv rau kev tua kab mob, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab lossis lwm yam kev siv (Daim Duab 1). Txawm hais tias pheromones tsis yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticides hauv Nyiv Pooj, lawv feem ntau raug txhawb nqa thiab siv ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticides ua cov khoom siv cog qoob loo organic.
2.1 Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ntuj tsim
Muaj 22 yam khoom xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntuj tsim uas tau sau npe hauv Nyiv Pooj, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov kab mob parasitic, cov kab uas noj tsiaj thiab cov kab uas noj tsiaj raws li hom tsiaj txhu thiab hom kev ua haujlwm. Ntawm lawv, cov kab uas noj tsiaj thiab cov kab uas noj tsiaj noj cov kab uas ua rau muaj teeb meem rau zaub mov, thiab cov kab uas noj tsiaj tso qe rau hauv cov kab uas noj tsiaj thiab lawv cov menyuam kab uas yug los noj tus tswv tsev thiab loj hlob los tua tus tswv tsev. Cov kab uas noj tsiaj hymenoptera, xws li kab aphid, kab aphid, kab aphid, kab aphid, kab hemiptera thiab Mylostomus japonicus, uas tau sau npe hauv Nyiv Pooj, feem ntau yog siv rau kev tswj cov aphids, yoov thiab kab dawb ntawm cov zaub cog hauv tsev cog khoom, thiab cov kab chrysoptera, kab laum, kab ladybug thiab thrips feem ntau yog siv rau kev tswj cov aphids, thrips thiab kab dawb ntawm cov zaub cog hauv tsev cog khoom. Cov kab me me uas noj cov tsiaj feem ntau yog siv los tswj cov kab laug sab liab, kab nplooj ntoos, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips thiab whitefly ntawm cov zaub, paj, ntoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo, taum thiab qos yaj ywm uas cog hauv tsev cog khoom, nrog rau cov zaub, ntoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab tshuaj yej uas cog hauv cov teb. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Kev sau npe ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ntuj xws li O. sauteri tsis tau rov ua dua tshiab.
2.2 Cov Tshuaj Tua Kab Mob Me Me
Muaj 23 hom tshuaj tua kab mob me me uas tau sau npe hauv Nyiv Pooj, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob / tshuaj tua kab mob, cov tshuaj tua kab mob bacterial / tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob / tshuaj tua kab mob fungal raws li hom thiab kev siv ntawm cov kab mob me me. Ntawm lawv, cov tshuaj tua kab mob microbial tua lossis tswj cov kab tsuag los ntawm kev kis kab mob, kev sib kis thiab kev tso tawm cov tshuaj lom. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob microbial tswj cov kab mob pathogenic los ntawm kev sib tw colonization, kev tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob lossis cov metabolites theem nrab, thiab kev ua rau cov nroj tsuag tsis kam [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, tsis yog kab mob Fusarium oxysporum thiab Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Thiab kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob microbial xws li Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus thiab Drechslera monoceras tsis tau rov ua dua tshiab.
2.2.1 Cov tshuaj tua kab mob me me
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob granular thiab nuclear polyhedroid uas tau sau npe hauv Nyiv Pooj feem ntau yog siv los tswj cov kab tsuag tshwj xeeb xws li kab mob apple ringworm, kab mob tshuaj yej ringworm thiab kab mob tshuaj yej longleaf ringworm, nrog rau Streptococcus aureus ntawm cov qoob loo xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub thiab taum. Raws li cov tshuaj tua kab mob siv dav tshaj plaws, Bacillus thuringiensis feem ntau yog siv los tswj cov kab tsuag lepidoptera thiab hemiptera ntawm cov qoob loo xws li zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, mov, qos yaj ywm thiab turf. Ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob fungal uas tau sau npe, Beauveria bassiana feem ntau yog siv los tswj cov kab tsuag zom thiab stinging qhov ncauj xws li thrips, kab scale, whiteflies, mites, beetles, diamonds thiab aphids ntawm zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntoo thuv thiab tshuaj yej. Beauveria brucei yog siv los tswj cov kab tsuag coleoptera xws li longiceps thiab beetles hauv cov ntoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntoo, angelica, cherry blossoms thiab shiitake nceb. Metarhizium anisopliae siv los tswj thrips hauv kev cog qoob loo ntawm zaub thiab txiv nkhaus taw; Cov tshuaj Paecilomyces furosus thiab Paecilopus pectus tau siv los tswj cov kab dawb, cov kab me me thiab cov kab laug sab liab hauv cov zaub cog thiab txiv pos nphuab hauv tsev cog khoom. Cov pwm no yog siv los tswj cov kab dawb thiab cov kab thrips hauv kev cog zaub, txiv nkhaus taw, paj chrysanthemums thiab lisiflorum hauv tsev cog khoom.
Ua ib hom tshuaj tua kab mob me me uas tau sau npe thiab siv tau zoo hauv Nyiv Pooj, Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum yog siv rau kev tswj cov kab mob nematode hauv cov zaub, qos yaj ywm thiab txiv hmab.
2.2.2 Cov tshuaj tua kab mob me me
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo li tus kab mob zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain uas tau sau npe hauv Nyiv Pooj tau siv los tswj kab mob Mosaic thiab fusarium wilt uas tshwm sim los ntawm tus kab mob cucumber. Ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob bacteriological uas tau sau npe hauv Nyiv Pooj, Bacillus amylolitica yog siv los tswj cov kab mob fungal xws li xim av lwj, grey pwm, dub blight, kab mob dawb star, powdery mildew, dub pwm, nplooj pwm, kab mob spot, dawb xeb thiab nplooj blight ntawm zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, paj, hops thiab haus luam yeeb. Bacillus simplex yog siv los tiv thaiv thiab kho cov kab mob bacterial wilt thiab bacterial blight ntawm mov. Bacillus subtilis yog siv los tswj cov kab mob bacterial thiab fungal xws li grey pwm, powdery mildew, kab mob dub star, mov tawg, nplooj pwm, dub blight, nplooj blight, dawb spot, speckle, canker kab mob, blight, dub pwm, xim av spot, black leaf blight thiab kab mob bacterial spot ntawm zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, mov, paj thiab nroj tsuag zoo nkauj, taum, qos yaj ywm, hops, haus luam yeeb thiab nceb. Cov kab mob uas tsis ua rau muaj kab mob ntawm cov qos yaj ywm Erwenella uas lwj mos mos thiab kab mob canker rau cov zaub, txiv qaub, cycleen thiab qos yaj ywm. Pseudomonas fluorescens siv los tswj kab mob lwj, kab mob dub, kab mob dub los ntawm cov kab mob thiab kab mob paj ntawm cov zaub nplooj. Pseudomonas roseni siv los tswj kab mob lwj mos mos, kab mob dub, kab mob lwj, kab mob paj ntawm cov paj, kab mob bacterial, kab mob black spot, kab mob perforation, kab mob bacterial soft rot, kab mob bacterial stem blight, kab mob bacterial blight thiab kab mob canker rau cov zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Phagocytophage mirabile siv los tswj kab mob hauv paus ntawm cov zaub cruciferous, thiab cov kab mob yellow basket siv los tswj kab mob powdery mildew, pwm dub, anthrax, pwm nplooj, pwm grey, kab mob mov tawg, kab mob bacterial blight, kab mob bacterial wilt, kab mob xim av, kab mob noob phem thiab kab mob noob lwj rau cov zaub, txiv pos nphuab thiab mov, thiab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus qoob loo. Lactobacillus plantarum siv los tswj kab mob lwj mos mos rau cov zaub thiab qos yaj ywm. Ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas tau sau npe hauv Nyiv Pooj, Scutellaria microscutella tau siv rau kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj hwm sclerotium rot hauv zaub, black rot rot hauv scallions thiab qej. Trichoderma viridis yog siv los tswj cov kab mob bacterial thiab fungal xws li rice blight, bacterial brown streak disease, leaf blight thiab rice blast, nrog rau asparagus purple streak disease thiab tobacco white silk disease.
2.3 Cov kab mob nematodes uas ua rau cov kab mob entomopathogenic
Muaj ob hom kab mob entomopathogenic nematodes uas tau sau npe ua haujlwm zoo hauv Nyiv Pooj, thiab lawv cov txheej txheem tua kab [1-2, 11] feem ntau yog kev puas tsuaj rau cov tshuab nkag, kev noj zaub mov thiab kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab cov kab mob symbiotic tso cov tshuaj lom. Steinernema carpocapsae thiab S. glaseri, uas tau sau npe hauv Nyiv Pooj, feem ntau yog siv rau cov qos liab qab zib, txiv ntseej, txiv hmab, paj thiab cov nroj tsuag nplooj, paj ntoo cherry, txiv ntoo plum, txiv duaj, txiv pos liab, txiv apples, nceb, zaub, nyom thiab ginkgo Kev tswj cov kab tsuag xws li Megalophora, txiv ntseej weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach me me, aculema Japonica thiab Red fungus. Kev sau npe ntawm tus kab mob entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai tsis tau rov ua dua tshiab.
3. Kev piav qhia luv luv thiab kev xav txog
Nyob rau hauv Nyiv Pooj, cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticides yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov, tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev muaj ntau haiv neeg, thiab tswj kev txhim kho kev ua liaj ua teb kom ruaj khov. Tsis zoo li cov teb chaws thiab thaj chaw xws li Tebchaws Meskas, European Union, Tuam Tshoj thiab Nyab Laj [1, 7-8], cov tshuaj tua kab mob Japanese biopesticides yog txhais nqaim li cov neeg sawv cev biocontrol uas tsis tau hloov pauv caj ces uas tuaj yeem siv ua cov khoom siv cog qoob loo organic. Tam sim no, muaj 47 hom tshuaj tua kab mob biopticides sau npe thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv Nyiv Pooj, uas yog cov yeeb ncuab ntuj, cov kab mob me me thiab cov kab mob nematodes, thiab yog siv rau kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab mob arthropods, cov nroj tsuag parasitic nematodes thiab cov kab mob ntawm kev cog qoob loo thiab cov qoob loo hauv thaj chaw xws li zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, mov, ntoo tshuaj yej, ntoo, paj thiab cov nroj tsuag kho kom zoo nkauj thiab cov nyom. Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticides no muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb siab, kev pheej hmoo qis ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshuaj, kev tshawb nrhiav tus kheej lossis rov ua dua cov kab mob parasitic ntawm cov kab tsuag hauv qab qhov xwm txheej zoo, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev thiab kev txuag zog, lawv kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo xws li kev ruaj khov tsis zoo, kev ua haujlwm qeeb, kev sib raug zoo tsis zoo, kev tswj hwm spectrum thiab lub sijhawm siv nqaim. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ntau yam qoob loo thiab cov khoom tswj rau kev sau npe thiab daim ntawv thov biopesticides hauv Nyiv kuj tseem tsawg, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov cov tshuaj tua kab kom ua tiav tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv [3], xyoo 2020, tus nqi ntawm biopesticides siv hauv Nyiv tsuas yog 0.8%, uas qis dua qhov sib piv ntawm cov lej sau npe ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag.
Raws li qhov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj tua kab yav tom ntej, cov tshuaj tua kab biopesticides raug tshawb fawb ntau dua thiab tsim kho thiab sau npe rau kev tsim khoom ua liaj ua teb. Ua ke nrog kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog tsiaj txhu thiab thev naus laus zis thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho biopesticide, kev txhim kho kev nyab xeeb zaub mov thiab zoo, kev thauj khoom ib puag ncig thiab kev ua liaj ua teb kom ruaj khov, kev lag luam biopesticide Nyiv Pooj tseem txuas ntxiv loj hlob sai. Inkwood Research kwv yees tias kev lag luam biopesticide Nyiv Pooj yuav loj hlob ntawm tus nqi loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm 22.8% txij li xyoo 2017 txog 2025, thiab xav tias yuav ncav cuag $ 729 lab hauv xyoo 2025. Nrog rau kev siv "Green Food System Strategy", cov tshuaj tua kab biopesticides raug siv rau hauv cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Nyiv Pooj.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Tsib Hlis-14-2024