Txawm hais tias cov nroj tsuag parasitic nematodes yog cov kab mob nematode, lawv tsis yog cov kab tsuag nroj tsuag, tab sis cov kab mob nroj tsuag.
Lub hauv paus-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) yog qhov dav tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov nroj tsuag cab kab mob nematode hauv ntiaj teb.Nws kwv yees tias ntau tshaj 2000 hom nroj tsuag hauv ntiaj teb, suav nrog yuav luag tag nrho cov qoob loo cog qoob loo, muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau cov kab mob hauv paus-knot nematode.Cov hauv paus-knot nematodes kis tus tswv hauv paus cov ntaub so ntswg los tsim cov qog, cuam tshuam rau kev nqus dej thiab cov as-ham, ua rau cov nroj tsuag stunted, dwarfing, yellowing, withering, nplooj curl, txiv hmab txiv ntoo deformity, thiab txawm tuag ntawm tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag. ntiaj teb no qoob loo txo.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kev tswj kab mob nematode tau ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov tuam txhab tiv thaiv thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov koom haum tshawb fawb.Soybean cyst nematode yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau cov taum qhuav txo qis hauv Brazil, Tebchaws Meskas thiab lwm lub tebchaws tseem ceeb taum pauv.Tam sim no, txawm hais tias qee qhov kev siv lub cev lossis kev ntsuas kev ua liaj ua teb tau siv rau kev tswj cov kab mob nematode, xws li: kev tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau yam, siv cov cag ntoo tiv taus, kev cog qoob loo, kev txhim kho av, thiab lwm yam, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev tswj cov tshuaj los yog biological tswj.
Mechanism ntawm lub hauv paus-txoj kev txiav txim
Lub neej keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus-knot nematode muaj qe, thawj instar larva, thib ob instar larva, thib peb instar larva, plaub instar larva thiab neeg laus.Lub larva yog me me worm-zoo li, tus neeg laus yog heteromorphic, txiv neej yog linear, thiab tus poj niam yog pear-puab.Qhov thib ob instar larvae tuaj yeem tsiv mus nyob rau hauv cov dej ntawm cov av pores, tshawb nrhiav cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag los ntawm cov rhiab alleles ntawm lub taub hau, ntxeem tau tus tswv nroj tsuag los ntawm chob lub epidermis los ntawm elongation cheeb tsam ntawm tus tswv hauv paus, thiab tom qab ntawd mus los ntawm. qhov chaw intercellular, txav mus rau hauv paus ntsis, thiab ncav cuag meristem ntawm cov hauv paus hniav.Tom qab lub thib ob instar larvae mus txog lub meristem ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov larvae tsiv rov qab mus rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub vascular bundle thiab mus txog lub xylem txoj kev loj hlob cheeb tsam.Ntawm no, tus thib ob instar larvae Pierce lub host cells nrog rau lub qhov ncauj koob thiab txhaj tshuaj esophageal gland secretions rau hauv lub party cag hlwb.Auxin thiab ntau yam enzymes uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov qog nqaij hlav hauv cov hlab pas tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlwb hloov mus rau "cov hlwb loj" nrog cov nuclei uas muaj ntau yam, nplua nuj nyob hauv suborganelles thiab muaj zog metabolism.Cov hlwb cortical nyob ib ncig ntawm cov hlwb loj heev proliferate thiab overgrow thiab o nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm cov hlwb loj heev, tsim cov tsos mob ntawm cov cag nodules ntawm cov hauv paus hniav.Qhov thib ob instar larvae siv cov hlwb loj ua cov ntsiab lus pub rau nqus cov as-ham thiab dej thiab tsis txav mus.Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsim nyog, tus thib ob instar larvae tuaj yeem ntxias tus tswv tsev los tsim cov hlwb loj heev 24 teev tom qab kis kab mob, thiab loj hlob mus rau cov neeg laus kab mob tom qab peb moults hauv 20 hnub tom ntej.Tom qab ntawd cov txiv neej txav mus thiab tawm hauv cov hauv paus hniav, cov poj niam nyob ruaj ruaj thiab txuas ntxiv txhim kho, pib nteg qe li ntawm 28 hnub.Thaum qhov kub siab tshaj 10 ℃, lub qe hatch nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus nodule, thawj instar larvae nyob rau hauv lub qe, lub thib ob instar larvae laum tawm ntawm lub qe, tawm tus tswv tsev mus rau hauv av dua kab mob.
Hauv paus-knot nematodes muaj ntau hom tswv, uas tuaj yeem ua kab mob rau ntau tshaj 3 000 hom tswv tsev, xws li zaub, zaub mov, qoob loo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntoo ornamental thiab nroj tsuag.Cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov zaub cuam tshuam los ntawm cov hauv paus pob txha nematodes thawj daim ntawv nodules ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv, uas yog milky dawb thaum pib thiab daj ntseg xim av tom qab theem.Tom qab kis kab mob nrog cov hauv paus-node nematode, cov nroj tsuag hauv av tau luv luv, cov ceg thiab nplooj tau atrophied los yog yellowed, kev loj hlob yog stunted, nplooj xim yog lub teeb, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov mob hnyav nroj tsuag tsis muaj zog, cov nroj tsuag muaj zog. wilted nyob rau hauv drought, thiab tag nrho cov nroj tsuag tuag nyob rau hauv loj heev.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev cai ntawm kev tiv thaiv teb, inhibition nyhuv thiab cov ntaub so ntswg mechanical puas los ntawm cov hauv paus-knot nematodes ntawm cov qoob loo kuj tau yooj yim rau kev ntxeem tau ntawm cov av-yug cov kab mob xws li fusarium wilt thiab cov kab mob hauv paus rot, yog li tsim cov kab mob nyuaj thiab ua rau poob ntau dua.
Kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj kev ntsuas
Cov tshuaj linecides tuaj yeem muab faib ua fumigants thiab non-fumigants raws li kev siv sib txawv.
Fumigant
Nws suav nrog halogenated hydrocarbons thiab isothiocyanates, thiab cov uas tsis yog fumigants muaj xws li organophosphorus thiab carbamates.Tam sim no, ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sau npe hauv Suav teb, bromomethane (ib qho tshuaj ozone-depleting, uas tau maj mam txwv) thiab chloropicrin yog halogenated hydrocarbon tebchaw, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov protein synthesis thiab biochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum ua pa ntawm cov hauv paus pob txha nematodes.Ob lub fumigants yog methyl isothiocyanate, uas tuaj yeem degrade thiab tso tawm methyl isothiocyanate thiab lwm cov tshuaj me me hauv cov av.Methyl isothiocyanate tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov hauv paus pob txha nematode thiab khi rau cov pa oxygen carrier globulin, yog li inhibiting kev ua pa ntawm cov hauv paus pob txha nematode kom ua tiav cov nyhuv tuag.Tsis tas li ntawd, sulfuryl fluoride thiab calcium cyanamide kuj tau sau npe ua fumigants rau kev tswj cov hauv paus pob txha nematodes hauv Suav teb.
Tseem muaj qee cov halogenated hydrocarbon fumigants uas tsis tau sau npe hauv Suav teb, xws li 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, thiab lwm yam, uas tau sau npe hauv qee lub tebchaws hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas los hloov bromomethane.
Tsis-fumigant
Xws li organophosphorus thiab carbamates.Ntawm cov non-fumigated lineicides sau npe nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos thiab chlorpyrifos belongs rau organophosphorus, thaum carboxanil, aldicarb thiab carboxanil butathiocarb belongs rau carbamate.Non-fumigated nematocides cuam tshuam lub paj hlwb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hauv paus pob txha nematodes los ntawm kev khi rau acetylcholinesterase hauv cov synapses ntawm cov hauv paus pob txha nematodes.Lawv feem ntau tsis tua cov hauv paus pob txha nematodes, tab sis tsuas yog ua rau cov hauv paus pob txha nematodes poob lawv lub peev xwm los nrhiav tus tswv tsev thiab kis tau, yog li lawv feem ntau hu ua "nematodes paralyzers".Cov tshuaj uas tsis yog-fumigated nematocides yog cov tshuaj lom neeg cov paj hlwb, uas muaj tib lub tswv yim ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm vertebrates thiab arthropods li nematodes.Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov kev txwv ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev sib raug zoo yam, lub ntiaj teb no lub loj loj lub teb chaws tau txo los yog tso tseg txoj kev loj hlob ntawm organophosphorus thiab carbamate insecticides, thiab tig mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib co tshiab high-efficiency thiab low-toxic insecticides.Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tshiab uas tsis yog-carbamate / organophosphorus uas tau txais kev sau npe EPA yog spiralate ethyl (sau npe hauv 2010), difluorosulfone (sau npe hauv 2014) thiab fluopyramide (sau npe hauv 2015).
Tab sis qhov tseeb, vim muaj cov tshuaj toxicity siab, txwv tsis pub cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus, tsis muaj ntau nematocides tam sim no.371 nematocides tau sau npe hauv Suav teb, ntawm 161 yog abamectin active ingredient thiab 158 yog thiazophos active ingredient.Ob qho khoom xyaw nquag no yog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev tswj nematode hauv Suav teb.
Tam sim no, tsis muaj ntau cov nematocides tshiab, ntawm cov fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone thiab fluopyramide yog cov thawj coj.Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm biopesticides, Penicillium paraclavidum thiab Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 sau npe los ntawm Kono kuj muaj kev lag luam muaj zog.
Ntiaj teb no patent rau soybean cag knot nematode tswj
Soybean root knot nematode yog ib qho laj thawj tseem ceeb rau cov taum tawm los txo qis hauv cov taum pauv loj, tshwj xeeb hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Brazil.
Tag nrho ntawm 4287 cog kev tiv thaiv patents ntsig txog cov noob taum hauv paus-knot nematodes tau raug foob thoob ntiaj teb hauv kaum xyoo dhau los.Lub ntiaj teb soybean cag-knot nematode feem ntau thov rau patents hauv cheeb tsam thiab cov teb chaws, thawj zaug yog European Bureau, qhov thib ob yog Tuam Tshoj, thiab Tebchaws Meskas, thaum thaj chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov noob taum-knot nematode, Brazil, tsuas muaj 145. daim ntawv thov patent.Thiab lawv feem ntau yog los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv.
Tam sim no, abamectin thiab phosphine thiazole yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb rau hauv paus nematodes hauv Suav teb.Thiab cov khoom patented fluopyramide kuj tau pib nteg tawm.
Avermectin
Xyoo 1981, abamectin tau tshaj tawm rau kev ua lag luam raws li kev tswj xyuas cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv hauv cov tsiaj, thiab xyoo 1985 ua tshuaj tua kab.Avermectin yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab ntau tshaj plaws niaj hnub no.
Phosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole yog ib qho tshiab, muaj txiaj ntsig thiab dav-spectrum non-fumigated organophosphorus insecticide tsim los ntawm Ishihara Tuam Txhab hauv Nyij Pooj, thiab tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua lag luam hauv ntau lub teb chaws xws li Nyiv.Cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej tau pom tias phosphine thiazolium muaj endosorption thiab thauj hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm dav dav tiv thaiv kab mob cab nematodes thiab kab tsuag.Cog cab cab nematodes ua phem rau ntau cov qoob loo tseem ceeb, thiab cov khoom siv roj ntsha thiab lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm phosphine thiazole yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev siv av, yog li nws yog ib qho zoo tagnrho cov neeg sawv cev los tswj cov kab mob parasitic nematodes.Tam sim no, phosphine thiazolium yog ib qho ntawm cov nematocides nkaus xwb uas tau sau npe ntawm cov zaub hauv Suav teb, thiab nws muaj kev nqus sab hauv zoo heev, yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem siv los tswj cov nematodes thiab cov kab hauv av, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem siv los tswj cov nplooj mites thiab nplooj. cov kab tsuag saum npoo.Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua ntawm phosphine thiazolides yog inhibit acetylcholinesterase ntawm lub hom phiaj kab mob, uas cuam tshuam rau ecology ntawm nematode 2nd larval theem.Phosphine thiazole tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm, kev puas tsuaj thiab hatching ntawm nematodes, yog li nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm nematodes.
Fluopyramide
Fluopyramide yog pyridyl ethyl benzamide fungicide, tsim thiab ua lag luam los ntawm Bayer Cropscience, uas tseem nyob rau lub sijhawm patent.Fluopyramide muaj qee yam kev ua haujlwm nematicidal, thiab tau sau npe rau kev tswj cov hauv paus pob txha nematode hauv cov qoob loo, thiab tam sim no yog ib qho tshuaj nematicide nrov dua.Lub mechanism ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim yog inhibit mitochondrial respiration los ntawm kev thaiv cov electron hloov ntawm succinic dehydrogenase nyob rau hauv lub pa saw, thiab inhibit ob peb theem ntawm kev loj hlob voj voog ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tswj cov kab mob pathogenic.
Cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm fluropyramide hauv Suav teb tseem nyob rau lub sijhawm patent.Ntawm nws daim ntawv thov patent daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv nematodes, 3 yog los ntawm Bayer, thiab 4 yog los ntawm Tuam Tshoj, uas yog ua ke nrog biostimulants los yog txawv active cov khoom xyaw los tswj nematodes.Qhov tseeb, qee cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv lub sijhawm patent tuaj yeem siv los ua qee qhov patent layout ua ntej txhawm rau txeeb lub khw.Xws li cov kab tsuag zoo heev lepidoptera thiab thrips tus neeg sawv cev ethyl polycidin, ntau dua 70% ntawm cov ntawv thov hauv tsev tau thov rau cov lag luam hauv tsev.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob lom rau kev tswj hwm nematode
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, txoj kev tswj kev lom neeg uas hloov tshuaj tswj cov hauv paus pob txha nematodes tau txais kev saib xyuas thoob plaws hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws.Kev rho tawm thiab tshuaj xyuas cov kab mob uas muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob hauv paus-knot nematodes yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm kev lom neeg.Cov kab mob tseem ceeb tshaj tawm txog cov kab mob antagonistic ntawm cov hauv paus pob txha nematodes yog Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus thiab Rhizobium.Myrothecium, Paecilomyces thiab Trichoderma, txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kab mob tsis yooj yim rau kev tawm tsam lawv cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hauv paus pob txha nematodes vim muaj teeb meem hauv kev coj noj coj ua lossis kev tswj hwm tsis ruaj khov hauv thaj teb.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus yog ib qho kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov qe ntawm yav qab teb cov hauv paus-node nematode thiab Cystocystis albicans.Tus kab mob parasite ntawm cov qe ntawm cov hauv paus-node nematode nematode yog siab li 60% ~ 70%.Cov txheej txheem inhibition ntawm Paecilomyces lavviolaceus tiv thaiv cov hauv paus-knot nematodes yog tias tom qab Paecilomyces lavviolaceus tiv tauj nrog kab worm oocysts, nyob rau hauv viscous substrate, mycelium ntawm biocontrol kab mob nyob ib ncig ntawm tag nrho cov qe, thiab qhov kawg ntawm mycelium ua tuab.Qhov saum npoo ntawm lub qe plhaub tau tawg vim yog cov haujlwm ntawm exogenous metabolites thiab fungal chitinase, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kab mob nkag mus thiab hloov nws.Nws tseem tuaj yeem tso cov co toxins uas tua cov nematodes.Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tua qe.Muaj yim lub npe tshuaj tua kab hauv Suav teb.Tam sim no, Paecilomyces lilaclavi tsis muaj daim ntawv siv tshuaj sib xyaw rau kev muag, tab sis nws daim ntawv pov thawj patent hauv Suav teb muaj patent rau kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj tua kab kom nce kev siv.
Cog Extract
Cov khoom cog ntuj tuaj yeem siv tau zoo rau kev tswj cov hauv paus pob txha nematode, thiab kev siv cov khoom siv cog los yog cov tshuaj nematoidal uas tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag los tswj cov kab mob hauv paus pob txha nematode muaj ntau dua nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog cov kev cai ntawm ecological kev nyab xeeb thiab zaub mov kev nyab xeeb.
Nematoidal Cheebtsam ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab yuav muab tau los ntawm chav distillation, organic extraction, sau los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav secretions, thiab lwm yam thiab volatile organic tebchaw, ntawm cov uas tsis-volatile tshuaj suav rau feem ntau.Cov nematoidal Cheebtsam ntawm ntau cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem siv rau hauv paus pob txha nematode tswj tom qab kev tshem tawm yooj yim, thiab kev tshawb pom ntawm cov nroj tsuag rho tawm yog qhov yooj yim piv nrog cov tshuaj nquag tshiab.Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias nws muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob, cov khoom siv tiag tiag thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob feem ntau tsis meej.
Tam sim no, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, tshuaj yej saponin thiab lwm yam yog cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb tshuaj tua kab nrog nematode tua cov haujlwm, uas muaj tsawg tsawg, thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov nematode inhibitory nroj tsuag los ntawm kev sib txuas lossis nrog.
Txawm hais tias kev sib xyaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag rho tawm los tswj cov hauv paus pob txha nematode yuav ua kom zoo dua nematode tswj cov nyhuv, nws tsis tau ua lag luam tag nrho ntawm theem tam sim no, tab sis nws tseem muab lub tswv yim tshiab rau cov nroj tsuag rho tawm los tswj cov hauv paus pob txha nematode.
Bio-organic chiv
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm bio-organic chiv yog seb cov kab mob antagonistic tuaj yeem sib xyaw hauv av lossis rhizosphere av.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias daim ntawv thov ntawm qee cov khoom siv organic xws li cws thiab crab shells thiab roj noj tuaj yeem ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj qha txhim kho kev tswj cov kab mob lom ntawm cov hauv paus pob txha nematode.Siv cov khoom fermentation technology los fermentate antagonistic microorganism thiab cov organic chiv los tsim bio-organic chiv yog ib txoj kev tshiab tshuaj lom neeg tswj cov kab mob hauv paus pob txha nematode.
Hauv kev kawm txog kev tswj cov zaub nematodes nrog bio-organic chiv, nws tau pom tias cov kab mob antagonistic hauv bio-organic chiv muaj kev tswj tau zoo ntawm cov hauv paus-knot nematodes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov organic chiv ua los ntawm fermentation ntawm antagonistic microorganisms thiab organic chiv. los ntawm cov khoom fermentation technology.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm cov organic chiv rau hauv paus-knot nematodes muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ib puag ncig thiab siv lub sijhawm, thiab nws cov kev tswj xyuas tau tsawg dua li cov tshuaj tua kab, thiab nws nyuaj rau kev lag luam.
Txawm li cas los xij, ua ib feem ntawm kev tswj hwm tshuaj thiab chiv, nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov nematodes los ntawm kev ntxiv tshuaj tua kab thiab kev sib xyaw dej thiab chiv.
Nrog rau ntau hom qoob loo ib leeg (xws li qos yaj ywm, taum pauv, thiab lwm yam) cog hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, qhov tshwm sim ntawm nematode yog qhov hnyav dua, thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm nematode kuj tseem muaj kev sib tw loj.Tam sim no, feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas tau sau npe hauv Suav teb tau tsim ua ntej xyoo 1980s, thiab cov active compounds tshiab tsis txaus.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb hauv cov txheej txheem siv, tab sis lawv tsis zoo li cov tshuaj siv tshuaj, thiab lawv siv tau txwv los ntawm ntau yam.Los ntawm cov ntawv thov patent cuam tshuam, nws tuaj yeem pom tias tam sim no txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nematocides tseem nyob ib puag ncig ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom qub, kev tsim cov tshuaj biopesticides, thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm cov dej thiab cov chiv.
Post lub sij hawm: May-20-2024