Txawm hais tias cov kab mob nematodes ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog cov kab mob nematode, lawv tsis yog cov kab tsuag ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tab sis yog cov kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Tus kab mob nematode hauv paus (Meloidogyne) yog tus kab mob nematode uas kis tau dav tshaj plaws thiab ua rau cov nroj tsuag puas tsuaj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Kwv yees li ntawm 2000 hom nroj tsuag hauv ntiaj teb, suav nrog yuav luag txhua hom qoob loo uas cog qoob loo, muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau tus kab mob nematode hauv paus. Cov kab mob nematode hauv paus kis rau cov hlwb hauv paus ntawm tus tswv tsev kom tsim cov qog, cuam tshuam rau kev nqus dej thiab cov as-ham, ua rau cov nroj tsuag tsis loj hlob, poob qis, daj, qhuav, nplooj qhuav, txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis zoo, thiab txawm tias tuag tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, ua rau cov qoob loo thoob ntiaj teb tsawg zuj zus.
Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev tswj kab mob nematode tau yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tuam txhab tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov koom haum tshawb fawb. Cov kab mob nematode ntawm taum pauv yog ib qho laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev txo qis kev tsim cov taum pauv hauv Brazil, Tebchaws Meskas thiab lwm lub tebchaws tseem ceeb uas xa tawm cov taum pauv. Tam sim no, txawm hais tias qee txoj kev siv lub cev lossis kev ntsuas ua liaj ua teb tau siv los tswj kab mob nematode, xws li: kev tshuaj xyuas cov hom kab mob uas tiv taus, siv cov cag uas tiv taus, kev hloov pauv qoob loo, kev txhim kho av, thiab lwm yam, cov txheej txheem tswj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tseem yog kev tswj tshuaj lossis kev tswj kab mob.
Mechanism ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hauv paus hniav
Keeb kwm ntawm cov kab mob nematode hauv paus muaj qe, thawj tus menyuam kab, thib ob tus menyuam kab, thib peb tus menyuam kab, thib plaub tus menyuam kab thiab laus. Tus menyuam kab me me zoo li kab, tus laus yog heteromorphic, tus txiv neej yog linear, thiab tus poj niam yog pear-puab. Tus menyuam kab thib ob tuaj yeem tsiv teb tsaws chaw hauv dej ntawm cov qhov av, nrhiav cov hauv paus ntawm cov nroj tsuag los ntawm cov alleles rhiab heev ntawm lub taub hau, nkag mus rau hauv cov nroj tsuag los ntawm kev tho qhov epidermis los ntawm thaj chaw elongation ntawm cov hauv paus ntawm tus tswv tsev, thiab tom qab ntawd mus ncig los ntawm qhov chaw intercellular, txav mus rau qhov kawg ntawm cov hauv paus, thiab mus txog meristem ntawm cov hauv paus. Tom qab tus menyuam kab thib ob mus txog meristem ntawm cov hauv paus, cov menyuam kab rov qab mus rau qhov kev taw qhia ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab mus txog thaj chaw tsim xylem. Ntawm no, tus menyuam kab thib ob tho cov hlwb ntawm tus tswv tsev nrog ib rab koob qhov ncauj thiab txhaj cov kua qaub ncaug esophageal rau hauv cov hlwb ntawm tus tswv tsev. Auxin thiab ntau yam enzymes uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov qog esophageal secretions tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlwb ntawm tus tswv tsev hloov pauv mus ua "cov hlwb loj" nrog ntau lub nuclei, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv suborganelles thiab muaj zog metabolism. Cov hlwb cortical nyob ib puag ncig cov hlwb loj loj proliferate thiab loj hlob thiab o nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm cov hlwb loj, tsim cov tsos mob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov hauv paus hniav. Qhov thib ob instar larvae siv cov hlwb loj ua cov ntsiab lus pub rau nqus cov as-ham thiab dej thiab tsis txav mus. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsim nyog, qhov thib ob instar larvae tuaj yeem ua rau tus tswv tsev tsim cov hlwb loj 24 teev tom qab kis kab mob, thiab loj hlob mus rau hauv cov kab laus tom qab peb moults hauv 20 hnub tom ntej. Tom qab ntawd cov txiv neej txav mus thiab tawm hauv cov hauv paus hniav, cov poj niam nyob twj ywm thiab txuas ntxiv loj hlob, pib tso qe thaum txog 28 hnub. Thaum qhov kub siab tshaj 10 ℃, cov qe hatch hauv cov hauv paus hniav, thawj instar larvae hauv cov qe, qhov thib ob instar larvae tawm ntawm cov qe, tawm hauv tus tswv tsev mus rau hauv av dua kab mob.
Cov kab mob nematodes hauv paus muaj ntau hom kab mob uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob rau ntau dua 3,000 hom kab mob, xws li zaub, qoob loo noj, qoob loo nyiaj ntsuab, ntoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nroj tsuag dai kom zoo nkauj thiab cov nroj tsuag. Cov hauv paus ntawm cov zaub uas raug kab mob nematodes hauv paus ua ntej tsim cov pob me me sib txawv, uas yog dawb thaum pib thiab xim av daj thaum kawg. Tom qab kis kab mob nrog kab mob nematode hauv paus, cov nroj tsuag hauv av luv luv, cov ceg thiab nplooj poob qis lossis daj, kev loj hlob qeeb, xim nplooj sib dua, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas mob hnyav tsis muaj zog, cov nroj tsuag qhuav thaum qhuav, thiab tag nrho cov nroj tsuag tuag thaum muaj kab mob hnyav. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tswj hwm kev tiv thaiv, kev cuam tshuam thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm kab mob nematode hauv paus ntawm cov qoob loo kuj ua rau cov kab mob hauv av xws li fusarium wilt thiab cov kab mob hauv paus lwj, yog li tsim cov kab mob nyuaj thiab ua rau muaj kev poob ntau dua.
Kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tswj hwm
Cov tshuaj tua kab ib txwm muaj peev xwm muab faib ua cov tshuaj tua kab thiab cov tshuaj tua kab uas tsis yog tshuaj tua kab raws li ntau txoj kev siv.
Tshuaj tua kab mob
Nws suav nrog cov hydrocarbons halogenated thiab isothiocyanates, thiab cov uas tsis yog fumigants suav nrog organophosphorus thiab carbamates. Tam sim no, ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas tau sau npe hauv Suav teb, bromomethane (ib yam khoom uas ua rau ozone puas tsuaj, uas maj mam raug txwv) thiab chloropicrin yog cov tshuaj hydrocarbon halogenated, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov protein synthesis thiab biochemical reactions thaum lub sijhawm ua pa ntawm cov nematodes hauv paus. Ob qho tshuaj fumigants yog methyl isothiocyanate, uas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem thiab tso tawm methyl isothiocyanate thiab lwm yam tshuaj molecular me me hauv av. Methyl isothiocyanate tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov nematode hauv paus thiab khi rau cov pa oxygen globulin, yog li tiv thaiv kev ua pa ntawm cov nematode hauv paus kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tuag taus. Tsis tas li ntawd, sulfuryl fluoride thiab calcium cyanamide kuj tau sau npe ua cov tshuaj fumigants rau kev tswj cov nematode hauv paus hauv Suav teb.
Kuj tseem muaj qee cov tshuaj halogenated hydrocarbon fumigants uas tsis tau sau npe hauv Suav teb, xws li 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, thiab lwm yam, uas tau sau npe hauv qee lub tebchaws hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas ua cov khoom hloov pauv rau bromomethane.
Tsis yog-fumigant
Xws li organophosphorus thiab carbamates. Ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas tsis tau fumigated uas tau sau npe hauv peb lub tebchaws, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos thiab chlorpyrifos yog cov organophosphorus, thaum carboxanil, aldicarb thiab carboxanil butathiocarb yog cov carbamate. Cov nematocides uas tsis tau fumigated cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nematodes hauv paus los ntawm kev khi rau acetylcholinesterase hauv cov synapses ntawm cov nematodes hauv paus. Lawv feem ntau tsis tua cov nematodes hauv paus, tab sis tsuas yog ua rau cov nematodes hauv paus poob lawv lub peev xwm los nrhiav tus tswv tsev thiab kis tus kab mob, yog li lawv feem ntau hu ua "nematodes paralyzers". Cov nematocides ib txwm tsis tau fumigated yog cov tshuaj lom heev rau cov hlab ntsha, uas muaj tib lub mechanism ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov vertebrates thiab arthropods li nematodes. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txwv ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev sib raug zoo, lub ntiaj teb cov teb chaws loj tshaj plaws tau txo lossis tso tseg kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus thiab carbamate, thiab tig mus rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab tshiab uas ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tshiab uas tsis yog carbamate / organophosphorus uas tau txais EPA sau npe yog spiralate ethyl (sau npe xyoo 2010), difluorosulfone (sau npe xyoo 2014) thiab fluopyramide (sau npe xyoo 2015).
Tiag tiag mas, vim muaj tshuaj lom ntau heev, thiab tsis pub siv cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus, tam sim no tsis muaj ntau yam tshuaj nematocides. Muaj 371 hom tshuaj nematocides tau sau npe hauv Suav teb, uas yog 161 hom yog cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm abamectin thiab 158 hom yog cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm thiazophos. Ob hom khoom xyaw nquag no yog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev tswj cov kab mob nematode hauv Suav teb.
Tam sim no, tsis muaj ntau cov tshuaj nematocides tshiab, ntawm cov uas fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone thiab fluopyramide yog cov thawj coj. Tsis tas li ntawd, hais txog cov tshuaj tua kab mob biopesticides, Penicillium paraclavidum thiab Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 uas Kono sau npe kuj muaj peev xwm ua lag luam zoo.
Daim ntawv pov thawj thoob ntiaj teb rau kev tswj cov nematode hauv paus taum pauv
Kab mob nematode uas ua rau cov hauv paus taum pauv tawg yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb uas ua rau cov qoob loo taum pauv txo qis hauv cov teb chaws xa tawm taum pauv loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Tebchaws Meskas thiab Brazil.
Tag nrho muaj 4287 daim ntawv pov thawj tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag uas cuam tshuam txog cov kab mob nematodes hauv paus taum pauv tau raug xa mus thoob ntiaj teb hauv kaum xyoo dhau los. Lub ntiaj teb cov kab mob nematode hauv paus taum pauv feem ntau tau thov rau cov ntawv pov thawj hauv thaj chaw thiab lub teb chaws, thawj zaug yog European Bureau, qhov thib ob yog Tuam Tshoj, thiab Tebchaws Meskas, thaum thaj chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab mob nematode hauv paus taum pauv, Brazil, tsuas muaj 145 daim ntawv thov patent. Thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv los ntawm cov tuam txhab thoob ntiaj teb.
Tam sim no, abamectin thiab phosphine thiazole yog cov tshuaj tswj hwm tseem ceeb rau cov nematodes hauv Suav teb. Thiab cov khoom lag luam patented fluopyramide kuj tau pib tsim tawm.
Avermectin
Xyoo 1981, abamectin tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua lag luam los tswj cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv ntawm cov tsiaj txhu, thiab xyoo 1985 ua tshuaj tua kab. Avermectin yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas siv dav tshaj plaws niaj hnub no.
Phosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole yog ib hom tshuaj tua kab tshiab, ua tau zoo thiab dav dav uas tsis muaj fumigated organophosphorus uas tsim los ntawm Ishihara Company hauv Nyiv Pooj, thiab tau muab tso rau hauv kev lag luam hauv ntau lub tebchaws xws li Nyiv Pooj. Cov kev tshawb fawb thawj zaug tau qhia tias phosphine thiazolium muaj endosorption thiab kev thauj mus los hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm dav dav tiv thaiv cov kab mob nematodes thiab kab tsuag. Cov kab mob nematodes ntawm cov nroj tsuag ua rau ntau cov qoob loo tseem ceeb puas tsuaj, thiab cov khoom siv biological thiab lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm phosphine thiazole yog qhov tsim nyog heev rau kev siv hauv av, yog li nws yog tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws los tswj cov kab mob nematodes ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Tam sim no, phosphine thiazolium yog ib qho ntawm cov nematocides nkaus xwb uas tau sau npe rau cov zaub hauv Suav teb, thiab nws muaj kev nqus tau zoo heev, yog li nws tsis tsuas yog siv los tswj cov nematodes thiab cov kab tsuag hauv av xwb, tab sis kuj siv tau los tswj cov kab laug sab thiab cov kab tsuag ntawm nplooj. Hom kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm phosphine thiazolides yog los tiv thaiv acetylcholinesterase ntawm lub hom phiaj kab mob, uas cuam tshuam rau ecology ntawm nematode 2nd larval theem. Phosphine thiazole tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm, kev puas tsuaj thiab kev tawm ntawm nematodes, yog li nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev loj hlob thiab kev tsim tawm ntawm nematodes.
Fluopyramide
Fluopyramide yog ib hom tshuaj tua kab mob pyridyl ethyl benzamide, tsim thiab muag los ntawm Bayer Cropscience, uas tseem nyob rau lub sijhawm patent. Fluopyramide muaj qee yam kev ua haujlwm nematicidal, thiab tau sau npe rau kev tswj cov nematode hauv cov qoob loo, thiab tam sim no yog ib qho nematicide nrov dua. Lub tshuab ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog los tiv thaiv mitochondrial respiration los ntawm kev thaiv cov electron transfer ntawm succinic dehydrogenase hauv cov saw hlau ua pa, thiab tiv thaiv ntau theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tswj cov kab mob pathogenic.
Cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm fluropyramide hauv Suav teb tseem nyob rau lub sijhawm patent. Ntawm nws daim ntawv thov patent hauv nematodes, 3 yog los ntawm Bayer, thiab 4 yog los ntawm Suav teb, uas tau ua ke nrog biostimulants lossis cov khoom xyaw nquag sib txawv los tswj nematodes. Qhov tseeb, qee cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv lub sijhawm patent tuaj yeem siv los nqa qee qhov kev tsim patent ua ntej kom ntes tau kev ua lag luam. Xws li cov kab tsuag lepidoptera zoo heev thiab tus neeg sawv cev thrips ethyl polycidin, ntau dua 70% ntawm cov ntawv thov patent hauv tsev yog thov los ntawm cov tuam txhab hauv tsev.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau kev tswj cov nematode
Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, cov txheej txheem tswj kab mob uas hloov kev tswj tshuaj ntawm cov nematodes hauv paus hniav tau txais kev saib xyuas dav dav hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws. Kev rho tawm thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam cov kab mob me me uas muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov nematodes hauv paus hniav yog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb rau kev tswj kab mob. Cov kab mob tseem ceeb uas tau tshaj tawm txog cov kab mob me me ntawm cov nematodes hauv paus hniav yog Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus thiab Rhizobium. Myrothecium, Paecilomyces thiab Trichoderma, txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kab mob me me nyuaj rau siv lawv cov teebmeem tiv thaiv cov nematodes hauv paus hniav vim muaj teeb meem hauv kev cog qoob loo lossis kev tswj kab mob tsis ruaj khov hauv daim teb.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus yog ib hom kab mob zoo rau cov qe ntawm cov nematode hauv paus thiab Cystocystis albicans. Tus nqi kab mob ntawm cov qe ntawm cov nematode hauv paus yog siab txog li 60% ~ 70%. Lub tshuab tiv thaiv ntawm Paecilomyces lavviolaceus tawm tsam cov nematode hauv paus yog tias tom qab Paecilomyces lavviolaceus sib cuag nrog cov kab oocysts, hauv cov substrate viscous, mycelium ntawm cov kab mob biocontrol nyob ib puag ncig tag nrho cov qe, thiab qhov kawg ntawm mycelium ua tuab. Qhov saum npoo ntawm lub plhaub qe tawg vim yog cov haujlwm ntawm cov metabolites exogenous thiab fungal chitinase, thiab tom qab ntawd fungi nkag mus thiab hloov nws. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem tso cov tshuaj lom uas tua nematodes. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tua qe. Muaj yim daim ntawv sau npe tshuaj tua kab hauv Suav teb. Tam sim no, Paecilomyces lilaclavi tsis muaj daim ntawv qhia txog kev muag khoom, tab sis nws daim ntawv patent hauv Suav teb muaj daim ntawv patent rau kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj tua kab kom ua rau muaj kev siv ntau ntxiv.
Cov tshuaj ntsuab rho tawm
Cov khoom cog ntuj tsim tuaj yeem siv tau zoo rau kev tswj cov kab mob nematode hauv paus, thiab kev siv cov khoom siv cog lossis cov tshuaj nematoidal uas cov nroj tsuag tsim los tswj cov kab mob nematode hauv paus yog ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm ecological thiab kev nyab xeeb zaub mov.
Cov khoom nematoidal ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj nyob rau hauv txhua lub cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev ua pa dej, kev rho tawm cov organic, kev sau cov kua qaub hauv paus, thiab lwm yam. Raws li lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, lawv feem ntau muab faib ua cov tshuaj tsis-volatile nrog dej solubility lossis organic solubility thiab volatile organic compounds, ntawm cov uas tsis-volatile substances suav rau feem ntau. Cov khoom nematoidal ntawm ntau cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem siv rau kev tswj cov hauv paus nematode tom qab kev rho tawm yooj yim, thiab kev tshawb pom cov nroj tsuag extracts yog qhov yooj yim piv rau cov tshuaj tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias nws muaj cov nyhuv tua kab, cov khoom xyaw tiag tiag thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tua kab feem ntau tsis meej.
Tam sim no, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, tshuaj yej saponin thiab lwm yam yog cov tshuaj tua kab tsuag tseem ceeb uas muaj kev tua nematode, uas muaj tsawg heev, thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov nroj tsuag uas tiv thaiv nematode los ntawm kev cog lossis nrog.
Txawm hais tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov nroj tsuag extracts los tswj cov hauv paus hniav nematode yuav ua si zoo dua tswj cov nematode, nws tseem tsis tau muaj kev lag luam tag nrho rau theem tam sim no, tab sis nws tseem muab lub tswv yim tshiab rau cov nroj tsuag extracts los tswj cov hauv paus hniav nematode.
Cov chiv bio-organic
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov chiv bio-organic yog seb cov kab mob antagonistic puas tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv av lossis av rhizosphere. Cov txiaj ntsig qhia tau tias kev siv qee cov khoom siv organic xws li cw thiab crab plhaub thiab roj hmoov tuaj yeem ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj qha txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig kev tswj hwm ntawm cov hauv paus hniav nematode. Siv cov thev naus laus zis fermentation khov kho los fermentate cov kab mob antagonistic thiab cov chiv organic los tsim cov chiv bio-organic yog ib txoj hauv kev tswj hwm tshiab los tswj cov kab mob hauv paus hniav nematode.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tswj cov zaub nematodes nrog cov chiv bio-organic, nws tau pom tias cov kab mob antagonistic hauv cov chiv bio-organic muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov cag-knot nematodes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov chiv organic ua los ntawm kev fermentation ntawm cov kab mob antagonistic thiab cov chiv organic los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis fermentation khov.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov chiv organic rau cov nematodes hauv paus muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ib puag ncig thiab lub sijhawm siv, thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig tswj hwm tsawg dua li cov tshuaj tua kab ib txwm muaj, thiab nws nyuaj rau kev lag luam.
Txawm li cas los xij, ua ib feem ntawm kev tswj tshuaj thiab chiv, nws yog qhov ua tau los tswj cov nematodes los ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj tua kab thiab kev sib xyaw dej thiab chiv.
Nrog rau ntau hom qoob loo ib hom (xws li qos liab qab zib, taum pauv, thiab lwm yam) cog rau hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, qhov tshwm sim ntawm nematode tau dhau los ua qhov hnyav dua, thiab kev tswj hwm nematode kuj tab tom ntsib teeb meem loj heev. Tam sim no, feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas tau sau npe hauv Suav teb tau tsim ua ntej xyoo 1980, thiab cov tshuaj tshiab tsis txaus.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob muaj cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb hauv cov txheej txheem siv, tab sis lawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cov tshuaj lom neeg, thiab lawv siv tau txwv los ntawm ntau yam. Los ntawm cov ntawv thov patent cuam tshuam, nws tuaj yeem pom tias kev txhim kho tam sim no ntawm nematocides tseem nyob ib puag ncig kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom qub, kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm dej thiab chiv.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Tsib Hlis-20-2024