Cov neeg nyob hauv cov neeg muaj kev noj qab haus huv qis (SES) nyob hauv kev sib raug zoo vaj tse uas tau txais los ntawm tsoomfwv lossis cov koom haum nyiaj txiag pej xeem yuav raug siv tshuaj tua kab ntau dua hauv tsev vim tias cov tshuaj tua kab raug siv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, kev saib xyuas tsis zoo, thiab lwm yam.
Hauv xyoo 2017, 28 cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau ntsuas hauv huab cua hauv tsev hauv 46 units ntawm xya lub tsev nyob hauv zej zog uas tau nyiaj tsawg hauv Toronto, Canada, siv lub tshuab nqus cua uas tau ua haujlwm rau ib lub lis piam. Cov tshuaj tua kab tshuaj ntsuam tau ib txwm siv thiab tam sim no siv tshuaj tua kab los ntawm cov chav kawm hauv qab no: organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, thiab strobilurins.
Yam tsawg kawg ib qho tshuaj tua kab tau kuaj pom hauv 89% ntawm cov chav nyob, nrog rau kev kuaj xyuas tus nqi (DRs) rau cov tshuaj tua kab ib tus neeg mus txog 50%, suav nrog cov tshuaj organochlorines thiab tam sim no siv tshuaj tua kab. Tam sim no siv pyrethroids muaj cov DFs siab tshaj plaws thiab cov concentrations, nrog pyrethroid kuv muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws particulate theem concentration ntawm 32,000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, uas tau txwv hauv Canada xyoo 1985, muaj qhov kwv yees siab tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov huab cua concentration (qhov teeb meem nrog rau theem roj) ntawm 443,000 pg / m3. Cov concentration ntawm heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, thiab permethrin (tshwj tsis yog hauv ib txoj kev tshawb fawb) tau siab dua cov ntsuas hauv cov tsev tau nyiaj tsawg tshaj tawm rau lwm qhov. Ntxiv nrog rau kev txhob txwm siv tshuaj tua kab rau kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag thiab lawv siv hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab cov xim, kev haus luam yeeb tau cuam tshuam nrog cov concentrations ntawm tsib cov tshuaj tua kab uas siv rau hauv cov qoob loo luam yeeb. Kev faib cov tshuaj tua kab siab-DF hauv ib lub tsev qhia tau hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas tau kuaj pom yog cov kev tswj xyuas kab tsuag uas ua los ntawm cov thawj tswj tsev thiab/lossis siv tshuaj tua kab los ntawm cov neeg nyob.
Cov tsev nyob hauv zej zog tau nyiaj tsawg yog qhov kev xav tau tseem ceeb, tab sis cov tsev no muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab tsuag thiab cia siab rau cov tshuaj tua kab los tswj lawv. Peb pom tias 89% ntawm tag nrho 46 chav kuaj tau raug rau tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm 28 cov tshuaj tua kab kab mob, nrog rau tam sim no siv cov pyrethroids thiab cov organochlorines ntev (xws li, DDT, heptachlor) muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws vim lawv qhov siab nyob hauv tsev. Kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam tshuaj tua kab uas tsis tau sau npe rau kev siv sab hauv tsev, xws li strobilurins siv rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab tshuaj tua kab siv rau cov qoob loo, kuj tau ntsuas. Cov txiaj ntsig no, thawj cov ntaub ntawv Canadian ntawm feem ntau cov tshuaj tua kab hauv tsev, qhia tias tib neeg tau nthuav dav rau ntau ntawm lawv.
Cov tshuaj tua kab yog siv dav hauv kev ua qoob loo ua liaj ua teb kom txo qis kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kab tsuag. Hauv xyoo 2018, kwv yees li 72% ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab muag hauv Canada tau siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, tsuas yog 4.5% siv rau hauv thaj chaw nyob.[1] Yog li ntawd, feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntau thiab raug tau tsom mus rau cov chaw ua liaj ua teb.[2,3,4] Qhov no ua rau muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab thiab qib hauv tsev neeg, qhov twg cov tshuaj tua kab kuj tau siv dav rau kev tswj kab tsuag. Hauv cov chaw nyob, ib daim ntawv thov tshuaj tua kab hauv tsev tuaj yeem ua rau 15 mg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab raug tso tawm rau ib puag ncig.[5] Cov tshuaj tua kab yog siv sab hauv tsev los tswj cov kab tsuag xws li kab laum thiab kab kab. Lwm yam kev siv tshuaj tua kab muaj xws li kev tswj hwm cov tsiaj txhu hauv tsev thiab lawv siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov rooj tog zaum thiab cov khoom siv (xws li, ntaub pua plag, textiles) thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev (xws li, fungicide-muaj cov xim phab ntsa, pwm-resistant drywall) [6,7,8,9]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tsev (xws li kev haus luam yeeb hauv tsev) tuaj yeem ua rau kev tso tawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas siv los loj hlob luam yeeb rau hauv qhov chaw sab hauv [10]. Lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tso rau hauv qhov chaw sab hauv yog lawv cov tsheb thauj mus los ntawm sab nraud [11,12,13].
Ntxiv nrog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ua liaj ua teb thiab lawv tsev neeg, qee pawg kuj tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj tua kab. Cov menyuam yaus raug ntau yam kab mob hauv tsev, nrog rau cov tshuaj tua kab, ntau dua li cov neeg laus vim tias qhov nqus tau ntau dua, kev nqus plua plav, thiab cov cwj pwm ntawm tes-rau qhov ncauj ntawm lub cev hnyav [14 , 15]. Piv txwv li, Trunnel et al. pom tias pyrethroid/pyrethrin (PYR) concentrations hauv cov ntaub so hauv pem teb tau zoo correlated nrog PYR metabolite concentrations nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam cov zis [16]. DF ntawm PYR cov tshuaj tua kab mob metabolites tau tshaj tawm hauv Canadian Health Measures Study (CHMS) tau siab dua hauv cov menyuam hnub nyoog 3-5 xyoos dua li cov hnub nyoog laus [17]. Cov poj niam cev xeeb tub thiab lawv cov fetuses kuj suav hais tias yog ib pab pawg tsis muaj zog vim muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev raug tshuaj tua kab thaum ntxov. Wyatt et al. tau tshaj tawm tias cov tshuaj tua kab hauv cov qauv ntshav niam thiab menyuam yaus muaj kev sib raug zoo, zoo ib yam nrog kev hloov niam txiv-fetal [18].
Cov neeg nyob hauv tsev tsis zoo lossis cov nyiaj tau los tsawg yog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov pa phem hauv tsev, suav nrog tshuaj tua kab [19, 20, 21]. Piv txwv li, hauv Canada, cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov neeg uas muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsawg (SES) feem ntau yuav raug phthalates, halogenated nplaim retardants, organophosphorus plasticizers thiab nplaim retardants, thiab polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dua cov neeg uas muaj SES siab dua [22,23,24]. Qee qhov kev tshawb pom no siv rau cov neeg nyob hauv "kev nyob hauv zej zog," uas peb txhais tau tias yog cov tsev xauj tsev uas tau pab los ntawm tsoomfwv (lossis tsoomfwv cov koomhaum pabcuam nyiaj txiag) uas muaj cov neeg nyob hauv kev lag luam qis [25]. Cov vaj tse nyob hauv ntau lub tsev nyob (MURBs) raug kab mob kab mob, feem ntau yog vim lawv cov qauv tsis xws luag (xws li cov kab nrib pleb thiab cov kab nrib pleb hauv phab ntsa), tsis muaj kev tu / kho kom zoo, kev tu vaj tse tsis txaus thiab cov kev pab cuam pov tseg, thiab ntau dhau [20, 26]. Txawm hais tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tswj xyuas kab tsuag muaj kom txo qis qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev tswj xyuas kab tsuag hauv kev tswj hwm lub tsev thiab yog li txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev, cov kab tsuag tuaj yeem kis thoob plaws hauv lub tsev [21, 27, 28]. Kab tsuag sib kis thiab siv tshuaj tua kab cuam tshuam tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau huab cua hauv tsev thiab ua rau cov neeg nyob hauv kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab, ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv [29]. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau pom tias qhov raug txwv tsis pub siv tshuaj tua kab thiab tam sim no muaj ntau dua nyob rau hauv cov tsev neeg tau nyiaj tsawg dua li cov tsev nyob tau nyiaj tau los vim muaj vaj tsev tsis zoo [11, 26, 30, 31, 32]. Vim tias cov neeg nyob hauv cov nyiaj tau los tsawg feem ntau muaj ob peb txoj hauv kev tawm hauv lawv lub tsev, lawv yuav raug tshuaj tua kab tsis tu ncua hauv lawv lub tsev.
Hauv cov tsev, cov neeg nyob hauv yuav raug cov tshuaj tua kab ntau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev vim tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshwm sim vim tsis muaj hnub ci, noo noo, thiab kab mob microbial degradation [33,34,35]. Cov tshuaj tua kab tau raug tshaj tawm tias muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo xws li kev xiam oob khab neurodevelopmental (tshwj xeeb yog cov lus IQ hauv cov tub hluas), nrog rau cov qog ntshav ntshav, qog nqaij hlav hlwb (xws li mob qog noj ntshav thaum yau), endocrine cuam tshuam txog kev cuam tshuam, thiab Alzheimer's disease.
Raws li kev koom tes rau Stockholm Convention, Canada muaj kev txwv rau cuaj OCPs [42, 54]. Kev rov ntsuam xyuas dua ntawm cov kev cai tswj hwm hauv Canada tau ua rau theem-tawm ntawm yuav luag txhua lub tsev sab hauv siv OPP thiab carbamate.[55] Lub Chaw Tswj Kab Tsuag Tswj Xyuas Kab Tsuag ntawm Canada (PMRA) kuj txwv qee qhov kev siv sab hauv tsev ntawm PYR. Piv txwv li, kev siv cypermethrin rau kev kho mob sab hauv tsev thiab kev tshaj tawm tau raug txiav tawm vim nws muaj feem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov menyuam yaus [56]. Daim duab 1 muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev txwv no [55, 57, 58].
Lub Y-axis sawv cev rau cov tshuaj tua kab uas tau kuaj pom (ntau tshaj qhov kev txwv tsis pub tshaj ntawm txoj kev, Table S6), thiab X-axis sawv cev rau cov concentration ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hauv huab cua hauv theem particle saum toj no qhov kev txwv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kuaj xyuas zaus thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws yog muab rau hauv Table S6.
Peb lub hom phiaj yog los ntsuas cov huab cua sab hauv tsev thiab qhov tshwm sim (xws li kev nqus pa) ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas siv tam sim no thiab qub txeeg qub teg hauv cov tsev neeg uas muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsawg nyob hauv cov vaj tsev nyob hauv Toronto, Canada, thiab tshuaj xyuas qee yam cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej no. Lub hom phiaj ntawm daim ntawv no yog txhawm rau sau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov tshuaj tua kab tam sim no thiab qub txeeg qub teg hauv cov tsev ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj zog, tshwj xeeb yog muab cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj tua kab hauv tsev hauv Canada tsis tshua muaj kev txwv [6].
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau saib xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab ntau hauv xya lub tsev nyob hauv MURB uas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1970s ntawm peb qhov chaw hauv nroog Toronto. Tag nrho cov tsev nyob tsawg kawg yog 65 km ntawm ib cheeb tsam ua liaj ua teb (tsis suav nrog thaj av tom qab). Cov tsev no yog tus sawv cev ntawm Toronto social vaj tsev. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yog qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb loj dua uas tau tshuaj xyuas cov teeb meem me me (PM) hauv cov tsev nyob hauv zej zog ua ntej thiab tom qab hloov hluav taws xob [59,60,61]. Yog li ntawd, peb lub tswv yim sampling tau txwv rau kev sau cov huab cua PM.
Rau txhua qhov thaiv, kev hloov kho tau tsim kho uas suav nrog cov dej thiab kev txuag hluav taws xob (xws li hloov cov cua tshuab, boilers thiab cov khoom siv cua sov) kom txo tau lub zog noj, txhim kho huab cua sab hauv tsev thiab ua kom sov sov [62, 63]. Cov chav tsev tau muab faib raws li hom neeg nyob: cov neeg laus, tsev neeg thiab cov tib neeg. Cov yam ntxwv thiab hom tsev tau piav qhia hauv lwm qhov [24].
Plaub caug-rau cov qauv lim cua sau los ntawm 46 MURB cov tsev nyob hauv lub caij ntuj no 2017 tau txheeb xyuas. Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, kev sau cov qauv, thiab cov txheej txheem khaws cia tau piav qhia meej los ntawm Wang li al. [60]. Luv luv, txhua tus neeg koom nrog chav tsev tau nruab nrog Amaircare XR-100 air purifier haum nrog 127 mm high-efficiency particulate air filter media (cov khoom siv hauv HEPA lim) rau 1 lub lis piam. Txhua lub tshuab cua purifiers tau ntxuav nrog isopropyl so ua ntej thiab tom qab siv kom tsis txhob muaj kab mob sib kis. Portable air purifiers tau muab tso rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm chav nyob 30 cm ntawm lub qab nthab thiab / lossis raws li cov neeg nyob hauv cov lus qhia kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg nyob hauv thiab txo qhov muaj peev xwm nkag mus tsis tau (saib Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv SI1, Daim duab S1). Thaum lub sij hawm ua piv txwv txhua lub lim tiam, qhov nruab nrab ntws yog 39.2 m3 / hnub (saib SI1 rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem siv los txiav txim siab ntws). Ua ntej xa tus qauv xa mus rau lub Ib Hlis thiab Lub Ob Hlis 2015, pib qhov rooj mus rau qhov rooj thiab kev soj ntsuam pom ntawm tsev neeg tus yam ntxwv thiab tus cwj pwm nyob hauv (xws li haus luam yeeb) tau ua. Kev soj ntsuam raws li tau ua tom qab txhua qhov kev mus ntsib los ntawm 2015 txog 2017. Cov ntsiab lus tag nrho muaj nyob hauv Touchie li al. [64] Luv luv, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev soj ntsuam yog los ntsuas tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg nyob hauv thiab muaj peev xwm hloov pauv hauv tsev neeg cov yam ntxwv thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg nyob hauv tsev xws li haus luam yeeb, lub qhov rooj thiab qhov rais ua haujlwm, thiab siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los yog cov kiv cua hauv chav ua noj thaum ua noj. [59, 64] Tom qab kev hloov kho, cov ntxaij lim dej rau 28 lub hom phiaj tshuaj tua kab raug tshuaj xyuas (endosulfan I thiab II thiab α- thiab γ-chlordane raug suav tias yog cov sib xyaw sib txawv, thiab p, p′-DDE yog cov metabolite ntawm p, p′-DDT, tsis yog tshuaj tua kab), suav nrog cov tshuaj tua kab qub thiab niaj hnub (Table S1).
Wang et al. [60] piav qhia txog kev tshem tawm thiab ntxuav cov txheej txheem kom ntxaws. Txhua tus qauv lim tau muab faib ua ib nrab thiab ib nrab siv rau kev tshuaj xyuas 28 tshuaj tua kab (Table S1). Cov qauv lim dej thiab cov chaw kuaj sim muaj cov iav fiber ntau lim, ib qho rau txhua tsib qhov qauv rau tag nrho cuaj, spiked nrog rau 6 lub npe tshuaj tua kab surrogates (Table S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) los tswj kom rov zoo. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab kuj tau ntsuas nyob rau hauv tsib qhov chaw seem. Txhua tus qauv lim tau sonicated peb zaug rau 20 min txhua nrog 10 mL ntawm hexane: acetone: dichloromethane (2: 1: 1, v: v: v) (HPLC qib, Fisher Scientific). Cov supernatants los ntawm peb qhov kev rho tawm tau muab sib xyaw thiab sib xyaw kom haum rau 1 mL hauv Zymark Turbovap evaporator nyob rau hauv qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm nitrogen. Cov extract tau huv si siv Florisil® SPE kab (Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE hlab, Supelco) ces concentrated rau 0.5 mL siv Zymark Turbovap thiab pauv mus rau amber GC vial. Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Table S2) tau ntxiv raws li tus qauv sab hauv. Kev soj ntsuam tau ua los ntawm cov pa roj chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC thiab Agilent 5977A MSD) hauv electron cuam tshuam thiab tshuaj ionization hom. Cov cuab yeej ntsuas tau muab rau hauv SI4 thiab cov ntaub ntawv ion ntau yog muab rau hauv Tables S3 thiab S4.
Ua ntej yuav rho tawm, sau cov tshuaj tua kab surrogates tau spiked rau hauv cov qauv thiab qhov khoob (Table S2) los saib xyuas kev rov qab los thaum kev txheeb xyuas. Kev rov qab los ntawm cov cim kev sib txuas hauv cov qauv muaj li ntawm 62% mus rau 83%; tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig rau tus kheej cov tshuaj raug kho kom rov zoo. Cov ntaub ntawv tau raug kho kom raug siv qhov ntsuas qhov nruab nrab thiab qhov chaw seem dawb paug rau txhua yam tshuaj tua kab (cov txiaj ntsig tau teev tseg hauv Table S5) raws li cov qauv piav qhia los ntawm Saini li al. [65]: thaum qhov tsis muaj concentration tsawg dua 5% ntawm cov qauv concentration, tsis muaj kev kho qhov khoob rau ib tus neeg cov tshuaj; thaum lub blank concentration yog 5-35%, cov ntaub ntawv raug kho kom raug; Yog hais tias qhov dawb paug concentration ntau dua 35% ntawm tus nqi, cov ntaub ntawv raug muab pov tseg. Txoj kev kuaj pom qhov txwv (MDL, Table S6) tau txhais raws li qhov nruab nrab concentration ntawm qhov chaw kuaj dawb (n = 9) ntxiv rau peb npaug ntawm tus qauv sib txawv. Yog tias qhov sib xyaw tsis raug kuaj pom hauv qhov khoob, lub teeb liab-rau-lub suab sib piv ntawm qhov sib xyaw hauv cov txheej txheem qis tshaj (~ 10: 1) tau siv los suav cov ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas. Concentrations nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam thiab teb cov qauv
Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lub lim cua yog hloov mus rau cov huab cua sib xyaw ua ke siv cov kev ntsuas gravimetric, thiab cov lim dej ntws thiab cov lim dej tau hloov pauv mus rau cov huab cua sib xyaw ua ke raws li qhov sib npaug 1:
qhov twg M (g) yog tag nrho cov huab hwm coj ntawm PM ntes los ntawm lub lim, f (pg / g) yog cov pa phem concentration nyob rau hauv lub sau PM, η yog lub lim efficiency (xav tias yog 100% vim cov lim cov khoom thiab particle loj [67]), Q (m3 / h) yog lub volumetric cua ntws tus nqi los ntawm lub portable pa purifier, thiab plo (h) yog lub sij hawm. Qhov hnyav lim tau kaw ua ntej thiab tom qab xa tawm. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntsuas thiab cov cua ntws yog muab los ntawm Wang li al. [60].
Cov qauv siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no tsuas yog ntsuas qhov concentration ntawm particulate theem. Peb kwv yees qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hauv theem roj siv Harner-Biedelman equation (Equation 2), piv txwv li cov tshuaj sib npaug ntawm cov theem [68]. Qhov sib npaug 2 tau muab los rau cov khoom siv sab nraum zoov, tab sis kuj tau siv los kwv yees cov khoom faib hauv huab cua thiab sab hauv tsev [69, 70].
qhov twg log Kp yog lub logarithmic transformation ntawm particle-gas partition coefficient nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, log Koa yog lub logarithmic transformation ntawm lub octanol/air partition coefficient, Koa (dimensionless), thiab \({fom}\) yog cov feem ntawm cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv particulate teeb meem (dimensionless). Tus nqi fom raug coj los ua 0.4 [71, 72]. Tus nqi Koa tau raug coj los ntawm OPERA 2.6 tau txais los ntawm CompTox tshuaj xyuas dashboard (US EPA, 2023) (Daim duab S2), vim nws muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tsawg tshaj plaws piv rau lwm txoj kev kwv yees [73]. Peb kuj tau txais cov txiaj ntsig kev sim ntawm Koa thiab Kowwin / HENRYWIN kwv yees siv EPISuite [74].
Txij li thaum DF rau tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab yog ≤50%, qhov tseem ceeb
Daim duab S3 thiab Tables S6 thiab S8 qhia OPERA-raws li Koa qhov tseem ceeb, cov theem feem ntau (filter) concentration ntawm txhua pawg tshuaj tua kab, thiab suav cov roj theem thiab tag nrho cov concentrations. Gas theem concentrations thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab rau txhua pawg tshuaj (xws li, Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, thiab Σ3STR) tau txais los ntawm kev sim thiab xam cov nqi Koa los ntawm EPISuite yog muab rau hauv Tables S7 thiab S8, raws li. Peb tshaj tawm kev ntsuas qhov nruab nrab theem siab thiab sib piv tag nrho cov huab cua concentrations suav ntawm no (siv OPERA-raws li kev kwv yees) nrog huab cua ntau los ntawm cov ntawv ceeb toom txwv tsis pub ua liaj ua teb ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hauv huab cua thiab los ntawm ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tsev neeg qis SES [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Table S9). Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov kev sib piv no yog kwv yees vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv qauv thiab xyoo kawm. Rau peb txoj kev paub, cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm ntawm no yog thawj zaug ntsuas tshuaj tua kab uas tsis yog cov tshuaj organochlorines nyob rau sab hauv tsev hauv Canada.
Nyob rau hauv cov theem particle, qhov siab tshaj plaws kuaj pom concentration ntawm Σ8OCP yog 4400 pg / m3 (Table S8). OCP nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws yog heptachlor (tso tseg hauv xyoo 1985) nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 2600 pg / m3, ua raws li p, p'-DDT ( txwv rau xyoo 1985) nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 1400 pg / m3 [57]. Chlorothalonil nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 1200 pg / m3 yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob uas siv hauv cov xim. Txawm hais tias nws qhov kev tso npe rau kev siv sab hauv tsev tau raug tshem tawm hauv 2011, nws DF tseem nyob ntawm 50% [55]. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm DF qhov tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm OCPs ib txwm muaj qhia tias OCPs tau siv dav hauv yav dhau los thiab tias lawv pheej nyob hauv ib puag ncig sab hauv [6].
Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias lub hnub nyoog hauv tsev muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov laus OCPs [6, 79]. Raws li kev lig kev cai, OCPs tau siv rau kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag hauv tsev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lindane rau kev kho cov ntshauv, kab mob uas muaj ntau dua hauv cov tsev neeg uas muaj kev noj qab haus huv qis dua li cov tsev neeg uas muaj kev noj qab haus huv siab dua [80, 81]. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm linden yog 990 pg / m3.
Rau tag nrho cov teeb meem thiab cov pa roj, heptachlor muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws, nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 443,000 pg / m3. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tag nrho Σ8OCP huab cua concentrations kwv yees los ntawm Koa qhov tseem ceeb hauv lwm qhov chaw muaj npe nyob rau hauv Table S8. Concentrations ntawm heptachlor, lindane, chlorothalonil, thiab endosulfan kuv yog 2 (chlorothalonil) mus rau 11 (endosulfan I) lub sij hawm siab dua cov uas pom nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev tshawb fawb ntawm high- thiab cov nyiaj tau los qis nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab Fabkis uas tau ntsuas 30 xyoo dhau los [77, 82,883,
Qhov siab tshaj plaws tag nrho cov ntsiab lus theem ntawm peb OPs (Σ3OPPs) - malathion, trichlorfon, thiab diazinon - yog 3,600 pg / m3. Ntawm cov no, tsuas yog malathion tam sim no tau sau npe rau kev siv nyob hauv Canada.[55] Trichlorfon muaj cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv OPP pawg, nrog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 3,600 pg / m3. Hauv tebchaws Canada, trichlorfon tau siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab hauv lwm cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab, xws li rau kev tswj cov yoov thiab kab laum. Malathion tau sau npe ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau kev siv hauv tsev, nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 2,800 pg / m3.
Qhov siab tshaj plaws tag nrho ntawm Σ3OPPs (gas + particles) hauv huab cua yog 77,000 pg / m3 (60,000-200,000 pg / m3 raws li Koa EPISuite tus nqi). Airborne OPP concentrations qis dua (DF 11-24%) dua li OCP concentrations (DF 0-50%), uas yog feem ntau yog vim muaj ntau dua ntawm OCP [85].
Cov diazinon thiab malathion concentrations qhia ntawm no yog siab dua qhov ntsuas kwv yees li 20 xyoo dhau los hauv cov tsev neeg muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsawg hauv South Texas thiab Boston (qhov twg tsuas yog diazinon tau tshaj tawm) [26 , 78]. Cov diazinon concentrations uas peb ntsuas tau qis dua cov uas tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tsev neeg tsawg- thiab nruab nrab-kev khwv nyiaj txiag nyob rau hauv New York thiab Northern California (peb nrhiav tsis tau cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntev los no nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv) [76 , 77].
PYRs yog cov tshuaj tua kab uas siv ntau tshaj plaws rau kev tswj cov kab pw hauv ntau lub tebchaws, tab sis ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tau ntsuas lawv cov concentration hauv huab cua sab hauv [86, 87]. Nov yog thawj zaug uas cov ntaub ntawv PYR concentration hauv tsev tau tshaj tawm hauv Canada.
Hauv theem particle, qhov siab tshaj plaws \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) tus nqi yog 36,000 pg/m3. Pyrethrin I yog qhov feem ntau kuaj pom (DF% = 48), nrog cov nqi siab tshaj plaws ntawm 32,000 pg / m3 ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab. Pyrethroid I tau sau npe rau hauv Canada rau kev tswj cov kab txaij, kab laum, kab ya, thiab kab tsuag tsiaj [55, 88]. Tsis tas li ntawd, pyrethrin I yog suav tias yog thawj kab kev kho mob pediculosis hauv Canada [89]. Muab hais tias cov neeg nyob hauv zej zog muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau cov kab mob txaj thiab kab tsuag kab mob [80, 81], peb xav tias qhov concentration ntawm pyrethrin I yuav siab. Rau peb txoj kev paub, tsuas yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm pyrethrin I nyob rau hauv cov huab cua sab hauv ntawm cov vaj tsev nyob, thiab tsis muaj leej twg tau tshaj tawm pyrethrin I hauv vaj tse nyob. Cov concentrations peb pom tau siab dua li cov lus qhia hauv cov ntaub ntawv [90].
Allethrin concentrations kuj tseem siab, nrog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration thib ob yog nyob rau hauv particulate theem ntawm 16,000 pg / m3, ua raws li permethrin (qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration 14,000 pg / m3). Allethrin thiab permethrin tau siv dav hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse. Zoo li pyrethrin I, permethrin yog siv hauv Canada los kho cov ntshauv. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm L-cyhalothrin kuaj pom yog 6,000 pg / m3. Txawm hais tias L-cyhalothrin tsis tau sau npe rau kev siv hauv tsev hauv Canada, nws tau pom zoo rau kev lag luam siv los tiv thaiv ntoo ntawm cov ntoo ntsaum.[55, 91]
Qhov siab tshaj plaws tag nrho \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) concentration hauv huab cua yog 740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 raws li tus nqi Koa EPISuite). Allethrin thiab permethrin concentrations ntawm no (ntau tshaj 406,000 pg / m3 thiab 14,500 pg / m3, feem) yog siab dua cov uas tau tshaj tawm hauv qis-SES kev tshawb fawb huab cua hauv tsev [26, 77, 78]. Txawm li cas los xij, Wyatt et al. tau tshaj tawm cov qib permethrin siab dua hauv cov huab cua sab hauv ntawm cov tsev qis-SES hauv New York City dua li peb cov txiaj ntsig (12 npaug siab dua) [76]. Cov permethrin concentrations peb ntsuas nyob ntawm qhov qis kawg mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 5300 pg / m3.
Txawm hais tias STR biocides tsis tau sau npe siv hauv tsev hauv Canada, lawv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv qee cov khoom siv hauv tsev xws li pwm-resistant siding [75, 93]. Peb ntsuas qhov nruab nrab qis qis nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) ntawm 1200 pg/m3 thiab tag nrho cov huab cua \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) concentrations txog 1300 pg/m3. STR concentrations hauv huab cua sab hauv tsev tsis tau ntsuas yav dhau los.
Imidacloprid yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid sau npe hauv Canada rau kev tswj cov kab tua kab ntawm cov tsiaj hauv tsev.[55] Qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration ntawm imidacloprid nyob rau hauv particulate theem yog 930 pg / m3, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration nyob rau hauv dav dav huab cua yog 34,000 pg / m3.
Cov kab mob fungicide propiconazole tau sau npe hauv Canada rau kev siv ua ntoo khaws cia hauv cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev.[55] Qhov siab tshaj plaws uas peb ntsuas nyob rau hauv cov theem particulate yog 1100 pg / m3, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration nyob rau hauv dav dav huab cua yog kwv yees li 2200 pg / m3.
Pendimethalin yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab dinitroaniline nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm 4400 pg / m3 thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws huab cua concentration ntawm 9100 pg / m3. Pendimethalin tsis tau sau npe rau kev siv vaj tse nyob hauv Canada, tab sis ib qhov chaw ntawm kev kis tau yog kev haus luam yeeb, raws li tau tham hauv qab no.
Ntau yam tshuaj tua kab muaj kev sib raug zoo (Table S10). Raws li kev cia siab, p, p′-DDT thiab p, p′-DDE muaj kev sib raug zoo vim p, p′-DDE yog ib qho metabolite ntawm p, p′-DDT. Ib yam li ntawd, endosulfan I thiab endosulfan II kuj tseem muaj kev sib raug zoo vim tias lawv yog ob lub diastereoisomers uas tshwm sim ua ke hauv cov txheej txheem endosulfan. Qhov piv ntawm ob lub diastereoisomers (endosulfan I: endosulfan II) txawv ntawm 2: 1 txog 7: 3 nyob ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke [94]. Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, qhov sib piv ntawm 1: 1 txog 2: 1.
Peb txuas ntxiv mus nrhiav kev sib koom ua ke uas yuav qhia txog kev siv tshuaj tua kab thiab siv ntau yam tshuaj tua kab hauv ib qho khoom siv tshuaj tua kab (saib cov phiaj xwm tawg hauv daim duab S4). Piv txwv li, kev sib koom ua ke tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim tias cov khoom xyaw nquag tuaj yeem ua ke nrog lwm cov tshuaj tua kab nrog ntau hom kev ua, xws li kev sib xyaw ntawm pyriproxyfen thiab tetramethrin. Ntawm no, peb tau pom qhov sib txheeb (p <0.01) thiab kev sib koom ua ke (6 units) ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab no (Daim duab S4 thiab Table S10), zoo ib yam nrog lawv cov kev sib xyaw ua ke [75]. Kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb (p <0.01) thiab kev sib koom ua ke tau pom ntawm OCPs xws li p,p′-DDT nrog lindane (5 units) thiab heptachlor (6 units), qhia tias lawv tau siv sijhawm ntev lossis siv ua ke ua ntej cov kev txwv tau qhia. Tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm OFPs tau pom, tshwj tsis yog diazinon thiab malathion, uas tau kuaj pom hauv 2 units.
Qhov sib koom ua ke siab (8 units) pom ntawm pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid thiab permethrin tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev siv peb cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab rau kev tswj cov zuam, ntshauv thiab fleas ntawm dev [95]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm imidacloprid thiab L-cypermethrin (4 units), propargyltrine (4 units) thiab pyrethrin I (9 units) kuj tau pom. Rau peb txoj kev paub, tsis muaj ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm imidacloprid nrog L-cypermethrin, propargyltrine thiab pyrethrin I hauv Canada. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj tua kab sau npe hauv lwm lub tebchaws muaj cov sib xyaw ntawm imidacloprid nrog L-cypermethrin thiab propargyltrine [96, 97]. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tsis paub txog cov khoom uas muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm pyrethrin I thiab imidacloprid. Kev siv ob qho tshuaj tua kab tuaj yeem piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim, vim tias ob qho tib si tau siv los tswj cov kab mob txaj, uas muaj ntau nyob hauv zej zog [86, 98]. Peb pom tias permethrin thiab pyrethrin I (16 units) muaj kev sib raug zoo (p < 0.01) thiab muaj qhov sib koom ua ke ntau tshaj plaws, qhia tias lawv tau siv ua ke; Qhov no kuj muaj tseeb rau pyrethrin I thiab allethrin (7 units, p < 0.05), thaum permethrin thiab allethrin muaj qhov sib txheeb qis (5 units, p < 0.05) [75]. Pendimethalin, permethrin thiab thiophanate-methyl, uas yog siv rau cov qoob loo ntawm cov luam yeeb, kuj pom muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cuaj units. Kev sib raug zoo ntxiv thiab kev sib koom ua ke tau pom ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas tsis tau tshaj tawm, xws li permethrin nrog STRs (ie, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, thiab trifloxystrobin).
Kev cog qoob loo thiab kev ua luam yeeb vam ntau rau cov tshuaj tua kab. Cov tshuaj tua kab hauv cov luam yeeb raug txo thaum lub sijhawm sau qoob, kho, thiab kev tsim khoom kawg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj tua kab tseem nyob hauv cov nplooj ntawv luam yeeb.[99] Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nplooj luam yeeb yuav raug kho nrog tshuaj tua kab tom qab sau qoob loo.[100] Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tua kab tau raug kuaj pom nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si luam yeeb nplooj thiab pa luam yeeb.
Hauv Ontario, ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm 12 lub tsev loj tshaj plaws hauv zej zog tsis muaj txoj cai tsis muaj pa luam yeeb, ua rau cov neeg nyob hauv qhov muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov pa luam yeeb thib ob.[101] MURB cov tsev nyob hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis muaj txoj cai tsis muaj pa luam yeeb. Peb tau soj ntsuam cov neeg nyob hauv kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv tus cwj pwm haus luam yeeb thiab ua kev kuaj xyuas hauv tsev thaum mus ntsib tom tsev kom pom cov cim ntawm kev haus luam yeeb.[59, 64] Lub caij ntuj no 2017, 30% ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv (14 tawm ntawm 46) haus luam yeeb.
Post lub sij hawm: Feb-06-2025