Cov tshuaj tua kab mob Acaricides yog ib hom tshuaj tua kab uas siv dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, kev lag luam thiab lwm yam lag luam. Nws feem ntau yog siv los tswj cov kab me me hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, lossis cov kab laum ntawm cov tsiaj txhu lossis tsiaj txhu. Txhua xyoo lub ntiaj teb raug kev poob loj heev vim yog cov kab me me. Raws li Lub Koom Haum Khoom Noj thiab Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb ntawm United Nations, 80 feem pua ntawm cov tsiaj txhu hauv ntiaj teb raug kab laum, uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb raug kev puas tsuaj txog $ 7.3 billion ib xyoos. Hauv South America, cov nroj tsuag taum pauv uas raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kab laug sab Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) poob kwv yees li 18.28% ntawm cov qoob loo. Hauv Suav teb, yuav luag 40 lab daim av ntawm cov txiv qaub kuj raug kab Panonychus citri (McGregor). Yog li ntawd, kev thov tshuaj tua kab mob acaricides thoob ntiaj teb nce ntxiv txhua xyoo. Xyoo 2018, yim yam khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam acaricide yog: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, thiab propargite, hexythiazox, thiab fenpyroximate, lawv cov muag tag nrho yog US $ 572 lab, suav txog 69.1% ntawm kev lag luam acaricide, thiab qhov loj ntawm kev lag luam yuav tsum ncav cuag US $ 2 billion los ntawm 2025. Qhov loj ntawm kev lag luam ntawm acaricides yuav loj dua thaum thaj av cog qoob loo thoob ntiaj teb txo qis, cov pej xeem nce ntxiv, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom ntuj tsim nce ntxiv, thiab qhov kev thov rau kev ua liaj ua teb ruaj khov nce ntxiv.
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev lag luam acaricide thoob ntiaj teb qhia tau hais tias kab laug sab liab, Panclaw citrus thiab Panonychus urmi yog cov kab tsuag tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, suav txog ntau dua 80% ntawm kev lag luam. Lwm cov kab tsuag cuam tshuam yog cov kab laug sab pseudo (feem ntau yog cov kab laug sab luv luv), cov kab xeb thiab cov kab laug sab gall thiab horsefly. Cov zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, suav nrog txiv qaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, taum pauv, paj rwb, thiab pob kws, yog cov qoob loo tseem ceeb uas siv cov tshuaj acaricides.
Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog lub voj voog luv luv, parthenogenesis, cov cuab yeej metabolic tshwj xeeb thiab kev hloov pauv ib puag ncig muaj zog ntawm cov kab laug sab xws li kab laug sab thiab kab laug sab panclaw, lawv txoj kev tiv thaiv rau acaricides tau loj hlob sai. Mites suav rau 3 ntawm 12 tus kab mob tiv taus tau tshaj tawm. Hauv kev siv thoob ntiaj teb ntawm acaricides, cov tshuaj acaricides ib txwm muaj xws li organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, thiab pyrethroids tseem nyob hauv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, txawm hais tias cov tshuaj acaricides ua haujlwm siab xws li bifenazate thiab acetafenac tau tawm los, qhov teeb meem ntawm homogenization ntawm acaricides tseem loj heev. Nrog rau kev siv cov acaricides no mus sij hawm ntev thiab tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb, feem ntau ntawm cov kab laug sab herbivorous tau tsim ntau qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj acaricides ntawm kev ua lag luam, thiab lawv cov teebmeem tau poob qis heev. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nrog rau kev saib xyuas ntxiv rau cov teeb meem ib puag ncig thiab kev nce qib maj mam hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb organic, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom ntuj tsim los tiv thaiv cov qoob loo hauv kev ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb tau nce siab heev. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj kev nyab xeeb, ua haujlwm tau zoo, zoo rau ib puag ncig, tsis muaj kev phom sij rau cov yeeb ncuab ntuj thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshiab uas muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tsis yooj yim rau kev tiv thaiv yuav tshwm sim sai sai no.
Raws li qhov no, nws yog qhov xav tau ceev rau kev lag luam thiab kev txhim kho kev lag luam kom siv tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom siv hauv Suav teb los txhawb kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv lub cev.
1. Keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb ntawm veratrotrol alkaloids
Hellebore, tseem hu ua dos roob, hellebore dub, yog ib yam khoom siv kho mob uas muaj hnub nyoog ntev. Ua ib tsob nroj tua kab hauv Suav teb, tib neeg feem ntau khawb nws cov cag thaum lub sijhawm cog qoob loo thiab kib nws ua kua me me kom ntxuav cov yaj, tshis, nyuj thiab lwm yam tsiaj txhu txias, thiab los tua cov kab laug sab hauv tsev thiab lwm yam kab mob. Tom qab ntawd cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias hellebore kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lwm yam kab tsuag. Piv txwv li, cov kua txiv ethyl acetate ntawm Veratrum rhizome muaj cov tshuaj tua kab zoo rau cov kab menyuam thib ob thiab thib peb ntawm Plutella xylostella, thaum cov kua txiv Veratrol alkaloid muaj qee yam kev phom sij rau cov kab laum German laus thiab thib plaub. Tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb kuj pom tias ntau yam kua txiv ntawm Veratrum rhizome muaj cov tshuaj tua kab zoo, ntawm cov kua txiv ethanol> kua txiv chloroform> kua txiv n-butanol.
Txawm li cas los xij, yuav ua li cas rho tawm cov khoom xyaw nquag yog qhov teeb meem nyuaj. Cov kws tshawb fawb Suav feem ntau siv ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction, dej extraction, ethanol percolation extraction, thiab supercritical CO2 extraction kom tau txais cov tshuaj nquag los ntawm veratrum rhizomes. Ntawm lawv, ammonia alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction txoj kev siv ntau cov tshuaj lom chloroform txawm hais tias tus nqi rho tawm yog qhov siab heev; txoj kev rho tawm dej muaj ntau lub sijhawm rho tawm, kev siv dej ntau, thiab tus nqi rho tawm qis; tus nqi qis. Txoj kev rho tawm supercritical CO2 los rho tawm veratroline alkaloids tsis tsuas yog muaj tus nqi rho tawm siab, cov khoom xyaw nquag tsis raug rhuav tshem, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev ua haujlwm tshuaj thiab kev dawb huv ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov khoom tau txais tau zoo heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, CO2 tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab cov kuab tshuaj tsis muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg lub cev thiab ib puag ncig, uas tuaj yeem qeeb qeeb qhov kev ua qias tuaj ib puag ncig los ntawm cov txheej txheem rho tawm ib txwm muaj, thiab tau teev tseg ua ib qho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis rho tawm thiab sib cais zoo tshaj plaws rau cov nroj tsuag tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom pheej hmoo thiab tus nqi siab cuam tshuam nws daim ntawv thov kev lag luam loj.
2. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho ntawm veratrotrol alkaloids
Kev kawm txog cov thev naus laus zis rho tawm ntawm Veratrum. Cov thev naus laus zis sib koom ua ke yog ua raws li cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab Suav teb veratrorum, ntxiv los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab ntuj. , Veratrotoin thiab lwm yam khoom xyaw nquag tau npaj ua ke, thiab tib lub sijhawm, cov kuab tshuaj sib txawv tau siv los rho tawm cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab tas mus li, kom ua kom huv thiab ua kom cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab ntau dua. Tau txais cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj uas muaj kev ua haujlwm sib txawv lossis kev ua haujlwm zoo sib xws los ntawm tib pawg ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Txhim kho qhov kev siv cov khoom siv raw tshuaj ntsuab, txo cov nqi tsim khoom, thiab ua rau kev sib tw ua lag luam nce ntxiv.
Kev kawm txog cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj Veratrum. Veratrol rhizome extract yog ib hom sib xyaw, uas muaj ntau tshaj kaum cov khoom xyaw xws li veratrol, resveratrol, veratrotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, thiab resveratrol oxide. Lub paj hlwb ntawm cov kab tsuag.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, nws qhov kev lom yog raws li qhov qhib ntawm cov channel Na+ uas nyob ntawm qhov hluav taws xob, uas ua rau qhib cov channel Ca2+ uas ua haujlwm los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob, ua rau cov neurotransmitter tso tawm. Cov channel sodium ion uas muaj hluav taws xob yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev xa xov ntawm cov hlwb thiab cov leeg nqaij. Cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv Veratrum extract tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tam sim no hauv cov channel sodium ion, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv daim nyias nyias permeability, ua rau muaj kev co thiab tuag thaum kawg.
Tib lub sijhawm, qee tus kws tshawb fawb Fabkis tau tshaj tawm tias veratroline alkaloids kuj tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ntawm cov kab tsis sib tw. Vim yog lub tshuab tshiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm veratrotrol alkaloids, kev tawm tsam ntau qhov chaw tuaj yeem tshwm sim, thiab nws nyuaj rau cov kab kom hloov kho rau ntau qhov chaw ua haujlwm tshuaj los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov kev hloov pauv, yog li nws tsis yooj yim los tsim kev tiv thaiv tshuaj.
0.1% CE hellebore rhizome extract npaj thev naus laus zis. Txhawb nqa los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis rho tawm siab heev thiab ntxiv los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis npaj zoo heev, qhov nro ntawm cov tshuaj yog me me, uas tuaj yeem qhwv lub cev kab sai sai, txhawb kev nkag mus thiab nqus ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag. Nws muaj kev sib kis zoo hauv dej, thiab cov tshuaj yog pob tshab thiab sib xws tom qab sib kis. 1000 zaug dilution, lub sijhawm kom ntub tag nrho daim ntaub canvas yog 44 vib nas this, thiab nws tuaj yeem ntub thiab nkag mus sai sai. Cov ntaub ntawv ruaj khov ntawm ntau lub teeb pom kev zoo qhia tau hais tias 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract npaj muaj kev ruaj khov zoo thiab ua tau raws li ntau qhov chaw siv hauv thaj chaw.
Kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv tshuab ntawm 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau txhim kho cov khoom ua haujlwm sai ntawm cov tshuaj. Piv nrog rau cov thev naus laus zis yav dhau los, cov khoom tau txo qis kev siv ib qho khoom xyaw. Los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, cov khoom xyaw hauv cov khoom muaj ntau dua, thiab cov txiaj ntsig synergistic pom tseeb dua.
Tib lub sijhawm, thaum siv ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tua kab uas twb muaj lawm, ua ntej, nws tuaj yeem txo cov pej xeem ntawm cov kab laug sab liab, txo cov tshuaj tua kab thiab txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig tswj hwm. Hauv kev xaus, thaum lub sijhawm muaj kab mob siab ntawm citrus Panonychus mite hauv Hezhou, Guangxi, Suav teb, txau 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etoxazole tau ua haujlwm hauv 20 feeb, tsis muaj kab nyob tau pom 3 hnub tom qab daim ntawv thov, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tswj hwm yog 11 hnub tom qab daim ntawv thov. tuaj yeem tswj tau siab dua 95%. Nyob rau theem thaum ntxov ntawm Jiangxi Ruijin navel txiv kab ntxwv citrus panclaw mites, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate txhua tus tuag 1 hnub tom qab daim ntawv thov, thiab tsis muaj kab nyob tau pom 3 hnub tom qab daim ntawv thov. , cov txiaj ntsig tswj hwm ze li ntawm 99% tom qab 16 hnub.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim tshuaj bioassay saum toj no qhia tau hais tias thaum tus lej pib ntawm cov kab laug sab liab qis lossis siab, kev siv ib leeg thiab kev siv cov tshuaj sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov rhizome extract ntawm Veratella vulgaris tuaj yeem txo tus lej pib ntawm cov kab laug sab liab thiab txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig tswj hwm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab. Nws tau qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig tswj hwm zoo heev. Tib lub sijhawm, cov rhizome extract ntawm hellebore yog los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Ntawm qhov concentration pom zoo, nws muaj kev nyab xeeb siv rau hauv cov theem budding, paj, thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hluas ntawm feem ntau cov nroj tsuag, thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev nthuav dav ntawm cov tua, paj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig rau cov kab mob tsis yog lub hom phiaj xws li cov yeeb ncuab ntuj ntawm cov kab laug sab, thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv hla nrog cov tshuaj tua kab thiab acaricides uas twb muaj lawm. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog heev rau kev tswj hwm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kab laug sab (IPM). Thiab nrog kev txo qis ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab, cov seem ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab xws li etoxazole, spirodiclofen, thiab bifenazate hauv txiv qaub tuaj yeem ua tau raws li "Tuam Tshoj Lub Tebchaws Kev Nyab Xeeb Khoom Noj Khoom Haus rau Qhov Txwv Siab Tshaj Plaws ntawm Cov Tshuaj Tua Kab hauv Cov Khoom Noj", "European Union Foods". Tus Qauv Txwv Tsis Pub Muaj Tshuaj Pesticide Residue Limit thiab Tus Qauv Txwv Tsis Pub Muaj Tshuaj Pesticide Residue Limit hauv Tebchaws Meskas hauv Cov Khoom Noj muab kev lees paub zoo rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom noj thiab qhov zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom ua liaj ua teb.
Kev siv tshuab kho cov noob caj noob ces txhawb kev lag luam ntawm hellebore
Hellebore yog ib yam khoom siv kho mob uas siv ntau thiab yog ib hom tshuaj ntsuab uas muaj hnub nyoog ntev ntawm tsev neeg Liliaceae. Nws loj hlob hauv roob, hav zoov lossis hav zoov. Nws tau faib rau hauv Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu thiab lwm qhov chaw hauv Suav teb. Nws muaj ntau yam khoom siv qus. Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav, cov khoom tsim tawm txhua xyoo ntawm cov tshuaj hellebore yog ze li ntawm 300-500 tons, thiab ntau hom suav nrog ntau hom, xws li hellebore, Xing'an hellebore, maosu hellebore, thiab Guling hellebore, thiab cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm txhua hom tsis zoo ib yam.
Nrog rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm biotechnology thiab kev tshawb fawb tob txog cov khoom siv kho mob hellebore, kev siv cov thev naus laus zis kho cov noob caj noob ces los txhim kho cov tshuaj hellebore thiab kev yug tsiaj qus hellebore tau nce qib hauv theem. Kev cog qoob loo hellebore yuav txo qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev khawb hellebore rau cov peev txheej noob caj noob ces qus, thiab txhawb nqa kev lag luam ntawm hellebore hauv kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev kho mob.
Yav tom ntej, cov tshuaj hellebore rhizome extracts ntuj uas tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj ntsuab yuav maj mam txo qhov kev siv cov tshuaj acaricides ib txwm muaj, thiab ua kom muaj kev txhim kho ntxiv hauv kev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom ua liaj ua teb, txhim kho qhov zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom ua liaj ua teb, txhim kho qhov chaw ib puag ncig ua liaj ua teb thiab tswj kev muaj ntau haiv neeg. Kev pab txhawb zoo heev.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Yim Hli-08-2022