Acaricides yog ib hom tshuaj tua kab uas siv dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, kev lag luam thiab lwm yam lag luam. Nws yog tsuas yog siv los tswj cov kab mob ua liaj ua teb, lossis zuam ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg lossis tsiaj. Txhua xyoo lub ntiaj teb no raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev vim muaj kab tsuag. Raws li Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Khoom Noj thiab Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb ntawm United Nations, 80 feem pua ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov tsiaj nyuj raug kab mob los ntawm zuam, uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb ua rau kwv yees li $ 7.3 nphom hauv ib xyoos hauv kev poob nyiaj txiag. Hauv South America, cov nroj tsuag taum puas los ntawm kab laug sab mite Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) poob kwv yees li 18.28% hauv cov qoob loo. Hauv Suav teb, ze li ntawm 40 lab daim av ntawm citrus kuj kis tau los ntawm Panonychus citri (McGregor). Yog li ntawd, kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kev thov rau acaricides yog nce txhua xyoo. Cov khoom lag luam sab saum toj yim hauv kev lag luam acaricide xyoo 2018 yog: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, thiab propargite, hexythiazox, thiab fenpyroximate, lawv tag nrho cov muag khoom yog US $ 572 lab, suav txog 69.1% ntawm cov lag luam acaricide. qhov loj yuav tsum ncav cuag US $ 2 billion los ntawm 2025. Kev lag luam loj ntawm acaricides yuav loj dua vim lub ntiaj teb arable av txo qis, cov pej xeem nce, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom ntuj nce, thiab kev thov rau kev ua liaj ua teb ruaj khov nce.
Kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub ntiaj teb no acaricide kev lag luam qhia tau hais tias liab kab laug sab mite, Panclaw citrus thiab Panonychus urmi yog nyob deb ntawm cov tsiaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab kab kab, suav txog ntau dua 80% ntawm kev ua lag luam. Lwm yam mites yog cov kab laug sab pseudo kab laug sab mites (tsuas yog cov kab laug sab luv luv), cov kab xeb xeb thiab cov kab mob gall thiab horsefly mites. Zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, xws li citrus, grapevines, soybeans, paj rwb, thiab pob kws, yog cov qoob loo tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj acaricides.
Txawm li cas los xij, vim lub neej luv luv, parthenogenesis, cov cuab yeej metabolic tshwj xeeb thiab muaj zog ib puag ncig kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob herbivorous xws li kab laug sab mites thiab panclaw mites, lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acaricides tau loj hlob sai. Mites suav txog 3 ntawm 12 tus kab mob arthropods resistant. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no daim ntawv thov ntawm acaricides, cov pa tshuaj acaricides xws li organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, thiab pyrethroids tseem tuav txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, txawm hais tias cov tshuaj acaricides muaj txiaj ntsig zoo xws li bifenazate thiab acetafenac tau tawm los, qhov teeb meem ntawm homogenization ntawm acaricides tseem loj heev. Nrog rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshuaj acaricides, feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob herbivorous tau tsim ntau qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj acaricides ntawm lub khw, thiab lawv cov teebmeem tau poob qis heev. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nrog rau kev saib xyuas ntau ntxiv rau cov teeb meem ib puag ncig thiab maj mam nce hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb organic, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom siv ntuj tsim los tiv thaiv cov qoob loo hauv ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam tau nce ntau. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev nyab xeeb, ua tau zoo, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg, tsis tshua muaj kev phom sij rau cov yeeb ncuab ntuj thiab kev nyab xeeb thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg acaricides tshiab uas tsis yooj yim los tsim kev tawm tsam yuav tshwm sim.
Raws li qhov no, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ceev nrooj rau kev lag luam thiab kev tsim kho kev lag luam kom siv tag nrho Tuam Tshoj cov khoom siv roj ntsha zoo los txhawb kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho thiab kev siv tshuaj lom neeg acaricides.
1. Kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntawm veratrotrol alkaloids
Hellebore, tseem hu ua roob dos, dub hellebore, yog cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab txhua xyoo. Raws li cov nroj tsuag tshuaj tua kab hauv Suav teb, tib neeg feem ntau khawb tawm nws cov rhizomes thaum lub sij hawm cov nroj tsuag thiab kib rau hauv ib lub me me decoction rau txias txias yaj, tshis, nyuj thiab lwm yam tsiaj nyeg, thiab tiv nrog housefly maggots thiab lwm yam cab. Tom qab ntawd cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias hellebore kuj muaj kev tswj xyuas zoo rau lwm yam kab tsuag. Piv txwv li, ethyl acetate extract ntawm Veratrum rhizome muaj cov tshuaj tua kab zoo ntawm qhov thib ob thiab thib peb instar larvae ntawm Plutella xylostella, thaum Veratrol alkaloid extract muaj qee yam ua rau cov neeg laus thiab plaub lub hnub qub ntawm cov kab laum German. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb kuj pom tias cov khoom sib txawv ntawm Veratrum rhizome muaj cov haujlwm zoo acaricidal, ntawm cov ethanol extract> chloroform extract> n-butanol extract.
Txawm li cas los xij, yuav ua li cas rho tawm cov khoom xyaw nquag yog ib qho teeb meem nyuaj. Cov kws tshawb fawb Suav feem ntau siv ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction, dej extraction, ethanol percolation extraction, thiab supercritical CO2 extraction kom tau txais cov tshuaj nquag ntawm veratrum rhizomes. Ntawm lawv, ammonia alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction txoj kev siv ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov kuab tshuaj lom chloroform txawm hais tias tus extraction tus nqi kuj siab; Txoj kev rho tawm dej muaj ntau lub sij hawm rho tawm, siv dej loj, thiab tus nqi rho tawm tsawg; tus nqi qis. Lub supercritical CO2 extraction txoj kev los extract veratroline alkaloids tsis tsuas yog muaj ib tug siab extraction tus nqi, cov active cov khoom xyaw tsis raug puas tsuaj, tab sis kuj cov tshuaj ua si thiab purity ntawm active cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov khoom tau zoo heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, CO2 non-toxic thiab hnyav-dawb residue yog tsis muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg lub cev thiab ib puag ncig, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov pa phem ib puag ncig los ntawm cov txheej txheem rho tawm ib txwm muaj, thiab tau teev tseg tias yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws extraction thiab sib cais technologies rau cog tshuaj cuam tshuam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom pheej hmoo thiab tus nqi siab cuam tshuam nws daim ntawv thov kev lag luam loj.
2. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm veratrotrol alkaloids
Kawm txog kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm Veratrum. Kev siv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj suav tshuaj veratrorum, ntxiv los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab. , Veratrotoin thiab lwm yam ntau yam khoom xyaw tau npaj ua ke, thiab tib lub sijhawm, cov kuab tshuaj sib txawv tau siv los txuas ntxiv tshem tawm cov khoom siv tshuaj botanical, txhawm rau ua kom lub siab huv thiab nag lossis daus ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj botanical nyob rau theem. Tau txais pab pawg ntawm cov khoom sib txuas nrog cov kev ua haujlwm sib txawv lossis kev ua haujlwm zoo sib xws los ntawm tib pawg ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Txhim kho qhov kev siv tus nqi ntawm botanical raw khoom, txo cov nqi tsim khoom, thiab ua kom muaj kev sib tw ua lag luam.
Kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm Veratrum active tshuaj. Veratrol rhizome extract yog ib hom kev sib xyaw, uas muaj ntau tshaj kaum cov khoom xyaw xws li veratrol, resveratrol, veratrotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, thiab resveratrol oxide. Lub paj hlwb ntawm cov kab tsuag.
Raws li kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv, nws toxicity yog raws li qhov qhib ntawm voltage-dependent Na+ channels, uas nyob rau hauv lem opens voltage-activated Ca2+ raws, ua rau neurotransmitter tso tawm. Voltage-gated sodium ion channels yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm neuronal thiab cov leeg nqaij. Cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv Veratrum extract tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tam sim no hauv sodium ion channel, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv daim nyias nyias permeability, ua rau muaj kev poob siab thiab kev tuag.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee tus kws tshawb fawb Fabkis tau tshaj tawm tias veratroline alkaloids kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsis sib tw inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ntawm kab. Vim yog cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm kev ua ntawm veratrotrol alkaloids, ntau qhov chaw nres tuaj yeem tshwm sim, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau mites hloov mus rau ntau qhov chaw siv tshuaj los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov kev hloov pauv, yog li nws tsis yooj yim los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
0.1% CE hellebore rhizome extract npaj tshuab. Kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thiab ntxiv los ntawm kev npaj siv thev naus laus zis zoo, qhov nro ntawm cov tshuaj yog me me, uas tuaj yeem qhwv cov kab hauv lub cev sai sai, txhawb kev nkag mus thiab nqus ntawm cov tshuaj tov, thiab txhim kho cov nyhuv ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag. Nws muaj zoo dispersibility nyob rau hauv dej, thiab cov tshuaj yog pob tshab thiab homogeneous tom qab dispersion. 1000 zaug dilution, lub sij hawm kom ntub tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv canvas yog 44 vib nas this, thiab nws tuaj yeem ntub dej sai sai. Cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm ntau lub teeb pom kev ruaj ntseg pom tau tias 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract npaj muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo thiab ua tau raws li ntau yam kev thov ib puag ncig.
Kev tshawb fawb nce qib ntawm daim ntawv thov thev naus laus zis ntawm 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig sai ntawm cov tshuaj. Piv nrog rau yav dhau los thev naus laus zis, cov khoom lag luam tau txo qis kev siv ib qho khoom xyaw. Los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, cov khoom xyaw hauv cov khoom muaj ntau dua, thiab cov nyhuv synergistic yog pom tseeb dua.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaum siv ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tua kab uas twb muaj lawm, ua ntej, nws tuaj yeem txo cov pejxeem hauv paus ntawm kab laug sab liab liab, txo cov tshuaj tua kab thiab txhim kho kev tswj xyuas. Txhawm rau suav nrog, nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj xwm txheej siab ntawm citrus Panonychus mite hauv Hezhou, Guangxi, Tuam Tshoj, txau 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etoxazole tau siv tau hauv 20 feeb, tsis muaj kab nyob tau pom 3 hnub tom qab daim ntawv thov, thiab tswj cov nyhuv yog 11 hnub tom qab daim ntawv thov. tuaj yeem khaws cia siab dua 95%. Nyob rau theem pib ntawm Jiangxi Ruijin navel txiv kab ntxwv citrus panclaw mites, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate tag nrho tuag 1 hnub tom qab daim ntawv thov, thiab tsis muaj kab nyob tau pom 3 hnub tom qab daim ntawv thov. , cov nyhuv tswj yog ze rau 99% tom qab 16 hnub.
Cov txiaj ntsig saum toj no bioassay qhia tau hais tias thaum lub hauv paus tus naj npawb ntawm kab laug sab liab liab qis lossis siab, siv ib tus neeg sawv cev thiab siv cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke, cov rhizome extract ntawm Veratella vulgaris tuaj yeem txo qis cov kab laug sab liab liab thiab txhim kho kev tswj hwm. cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab. Nws pom zoo tswj cov nyhuv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, rhizome extract ntawm hellebore yog muab los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Ntawm qhov pom zoo kom pom zoo, nws muaj kev nyab xeeb siv rau hauv lub budding, flowering, thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas txiv hmab txiv ntoo theem ntawm feem ntau cov nroj tsuag, thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau expansion ntawm tua, paj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab zoo ib puag ncig rau cov kab mob uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj xws li cov yeeb ncuab ntuj ntawm mites, thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv nrog cov tshuaj tua kab thiab cov acaricides uas twb muaj lawm. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tswj hwm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm mites (IPM). Thiab nrog kev txo qis ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab, cov khoom seem ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab xws li etoxazole, spirodiclofen, thiab bifenazate hauv citrus tuaj yeem ua tau raws li "Tuam Tshoj National Food Safety Standard for the Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Foods", "European Union. Khoom noj khoom haus". Pesticide Residue Limit Standard thiab US Pesticide Residue Limit Standard in Foods muab kev lav zoo rau zaub mov kev nyab xeeb thiab zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom ua liaj ua teb.
Gene kho tshuab txhawb kev lag luam ntawm hellebore
Hellebore yog ib yam khoom siv tshuaj thiab yog cov tshuaj ntsuab txhua xyoo ntawm tsev neeg Liliaceae. Nws loj hlob hauv roob, hav zoov lossis hav zoov. Nws muab faib rau hauv Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu thiab lwm qhov chaw hauv Suav teb. Nws yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj qus. Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav, cov txiaj ntsig txhua xyoo ntawm cov tshuaj hellebore yog ze li ntawm 300-500 tons, thiab ntau yam muaj xws li ntau yam, xws li hellebore, Xing'an hellebore, maosu hellebore, thiab Guling hellebore, thiab cov khoom nquag ntawm txhua hom yog. tsis zoo ib yam.
Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm biotechnology thiab kev tshawb fawb tob txog cov khoom siv tshuaj kho mob hellebore, kev siv cov noob kho cov thev naus laus zis los txhim kho hom tshuaj kho mob ntawm hellebore thiab cov khoom siv dag zog ntawm cov tsiaj qus hellebore tau nce qib. Artificial cultivation ntawm hellebore ntau yam yuav txo tau qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm hellebore excavation rau cov tsiaj qus germplasm kev pab cuam, thiab ntxiv txhawb lub industrialization ntawm hellebore nyob rau hauv lub teb ua liaj ua teb thiab kev kho mob teb.
Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, ntuj hellebore rhizome extracts muab tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj yuav tsum maj mam txo kev siv tshuaj acaricides tsoos, thiab ua ntxiv kev txhim kho nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho cov khoom ua liaj ua teb zoo, txhim kho cov khoom zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom ua liaj ua teb, kev txhim kho kev ua liaj ua teb ecological ib puag ncig. thiab khaws cia biodiversity. kev pab zoo heev.
Post lub sij hawm: Aug-08-2022