Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau soj ntsuam qhov ua rau tuag taus, subtlethality, thiab toxicity ntawm kev lag luamtshuaj cypermethrinformulations rau anuran tadpoles. Hauv kev kuaj mob hnyav, qhov siab ntawm 100-800 μg / L tau sim rau 96 teev. Hauv kev kuaj mob ntev, ib txwm tshwm sim cypermethrin concentrations (1, 3, 6, thiab 20 μg / L) raug kuaj rau kev tuag, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev kuaj micronucleus thiab cov qe ntshav liab tsis zoo rau 7 hnub. LC50 ntawm kev lag luam cypermethrin formulation rau tadpoles yog 273.41 μg L-1. Hauv kev kuaj mob ntev, qhov siab tshaj plaws (20 μg L-1) ua rau ntau dua 50% kev tuag, vim nws tua ib nrab ntawm cov tadpoles kuaj. Kev kuaj micronucleus tau pom cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm 6 thiab 20 μg L-1 thiab kuaj pom ntau qhov txawv txav hauv lub cev, qhia tias kev lag luam cypermethrin formulation muaj peev xwm genotoxic tawm tsam P. gracilis. Cypermethrin yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo siab rau hom kab mob no, qhia tias nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem thiab cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm cov ecosystem hauv lub sijhawm luv thiab ntev. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias kev lag luam cypermethrin formulations muaj tshuaj lom rau P. gracilis.
Vim lub nruam expansion ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab intensive daim ntawv thov ntawmtswj kab tsuagKev ntsuas, cov tsiaj hauv dej feem ntau raug tshuaj tua kab 1,2. Kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov dej nyob ze ntawm thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev ciaj sia ntawm cov kab mob uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj xws li amphibians.
Amphibians tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ntsuas ntawm ib puag ncig matrices. Anurans raug suav hais tias zoo bioindicators ntawm ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug vim lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb xws li kev ua neej tsis yooj yim, kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov menyuam yaus, cov xwm txheej trophic, permeable ntawm daim tawv nqaij 10,11, kev vam khom ntawm dej rau kev yug me nyuam12 thiab cov qe tsis tiv thaiv 11,13,14. Qav me me (Physalaemus gracilis), feem ntau hu ua tus qw quaj, tau pom tias yog ib hom kab mob tshuaj tua kab mob 4,5,6,7,15. Cov tsiaj muaj nyob hauv cov dej sawv ntsug, thaj chaw tiv thaiv lossis thaj chaw uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay thiab Brazil1617 thiab raug txiav txim siab ruaj khov los ntawm IUCN kev faib tawm vim nws qhov dav dav thiab kev ua siab ntev ntawm cov chaw sib txawv18.
Cov teebmeem sublethal tau tshaj tawm hauv amphibians tom qab raug cypermethrin, suav nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm, morphological thiab biochemical hloov pauv hauv tadpoles23,24,25, hloov pauv kev tuag thiab lub sijhawm metamorphosis, enzymatic hloov pauv, txo qis hatching Success24,25, hyperactivity26, inhibition of 7228 thiab kev ua luam dej. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntawm genotoxic cuam tshuam ntawm cypermethrin hauv amphibians raug txwv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas qhov susceptibility ntawm anuran hom rau cypermethrin.
Ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm amphibians, tab sis qhov cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws yog kev puas tsuaj rau DNA los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab 13. Ntshav cell morphology tsom xam yog ib qho tseem ceeb bioindicator ntawm kev ua qias tuaj thiab muaj peev xwm toxicity ntawm ib yam khoom rau tsiaj qus29. Kev kuaj micronucleus yog ib txoj hauv kev siv ntau tshaj plaws los txiav txim siab genotoxicity ntawm cov tshuaj hauv ib puag ncig30. Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev sai, zoo thiab pheej yig uas yog qhov qhia tau zoo ntawm cov pa phem ntawm cov kab mob xws li amphibians31,32 thiab tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev cuam tshuam rau genotoxic pollutants33.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los soj ntsuam cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj peev xwm ntawm kev lag luam cypermethrin formulations rau cov me me hauv dej tadpoles siv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas micronucleus thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ecological.
Cov neeg tuag coob coob (%) ntawm P. gracilis tadpoles raug rau ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev lag luam cypermethrin thaum lub sij hawm mob hnyav ntawm kev sim.
Cov neeg tuag coob coob (%) ntawm P. gracilis tadpoles raug rau ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev lag luam cypermethrin thaum kuaj mob.
Kev pom kev tuag siab yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov teebmeem genotoxic hauv amphibians raug rau ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cypermethrin (6 thiab 20 μg / L), raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm qhov muaj micronuclei (MN) thiab kev tsis haum xeeb hauv cov erythrocytes. Tsim MN qhia txog kev ua yuam kev hauv mitosis thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev khi tsis zoo ntawm chromosomes rau microtubules, qhov tsis xws luag hauv cov protein complexes lub luag haujlwm rau chromosome uptake thiab thauj, yuam kev hauv chromosome segregation thiab yuam kev hauv DNA kev puas tsuaj kho38,39 thiab tej zaum yuav muaj feem xyuam rau cov tshuaj tua kab-induced, 404 oxidative stress. Lwm qhov txawv txav tau pom ntawm txhua qhov kev ntsuas ntsuas. Kev ua kom cov cypermethrin ntau ntxiv ua rau muaj qhov txawv txav ntawm lub cev hauv erythrocytes los ntawm 5% thiab 20% ntawm qhov qis tshaj (1 μg / L) thiab siab tshaj (20 μg / L) koob tshuaj, feem. Piv txwv li, kev hloov pauv hauv DNA ntawm ib hom tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj rau ob qho tib si luv luv thiab mus sij hawm ntev, ua rau cov neeg poob qis, hloov pauv kev ua me nyuam, kev yug me nyuam, poob ntawm ntau haiv neeg, thiab hloov pauv hloov pauv. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov tsiaj muaj sia nyob thiab kev saib xyuas42,43. Kev tsim ntawm erythroid abnormality yuav qhia tau hais tias ib qho thaiv nyob rau hauv cytokinesis, uas ua rau txawv txav cell division (binucleated erythrocytes) 44,45; multilobed nuclei yog protrusions ntawm lub nuclear membrane nrog ntau lobes46, thaum lwm yam erythroid txawv txav tej zaum yuav txuam nrog DNA amplification, xws li nuclear ob lub raum / blebs47. Lub xub ntiag ntawm anucleated erythrocytes yuav qhia tau tias tsis muaj oxygen thauj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov dej tsis huv 48,49. Apoptosis qhia txog kev tuag ntawm tes50.
Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb kuj tau qhia txog cov teebmeem genotoxic ntawm cypermethrin. Kabaña et al.51 tau pom tias muaj cov micronuclei thiab cov kev hloov pauv hauv nuclear xws li binucleated hlwb thiab apoptotic hlwb hauv Odontohrynus americanus hlwb tom qab raug rau siab concentrations ntawm cypermethrin (5000 thiab 10,000 μg L−1) rau 96 h. Cypermethrin-induced apoptosis kuj tau kuaj pom hauv P. biligonigerus52 thiab Rhinella arenarum53. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tias cypermethrin muaj cov tshuaj genotoxic rau ntau yam kab mob hauv dej thiab qhov kev ntsuam xyuas MN thiab ENA tej zaum yuav yog qhov qhia txog kev cuam tshuam sublethal rau amphibians thiab tej zaum yuav siv tau rau cov hom tsiaj thiab cov tsiaj qus uas raug toxicants12.
Kev lag luam cov qauv ntawm cypermethrin ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau ib puag ncig (ob leeg mob thiab mob ntev), nrog HQs tshaj US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) qib 54 uas yuav cuam tshuam rau cov tsiaj yog tias muaj nyob hauv ib puag ncig. Hauv kev soj ntsuam kev pheej hmoo mob ntev, NOEC rau kev tuag yog 3 μg L-1, lees paub tias cov concentrations pom hauv dej yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau cov tsiaj55. Cov kab mob tuag NOEC rau R. arenarum larvae raug sib xyaw ntawm endosulfan thiab cypermethrin yog 500 μg L−1 tom qab 168 h; tus nqi no poob rau 0.0005 μg L-1 tom qab 336 h. Cov kws sau ntawv qhia tias qhov ntev ntawm qhov raug, qhov qis dua cov concentrations uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau hom. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias NOEC cov txiaj ntsig tau siab dua cov P. gracilis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm raug, qhia tias hom teb rau cypermethrin yog hom tshwj xeeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tuag, CHQ tus nqi ntawm P. gracilis tom qab raug cypermethrin mus txog 64.67, uas yog siab dua tus nqi siv los ntawm US Environmental Protection Agency54, thiab CHQ tus nqi ntawm R. arenarum larvae kuj siab dua qhov nqi no (CHQ> 388.600), uas tau kawm tom qab indices 388.00. txaus ntshai rau ntau hom amphibian. Kev txiav txim siab tias P. gracilis yuav tsum tau kwv yees li 30 hnub kom ua tiav metamorphosis56, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias qhov kev kawm ntau ntawm cypermethrin tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg poob qis los ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov neeg mob los ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov neeg laus lossis cov menyuam yaus thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov.
Hauv kev ntsuas kev pheej hmoo ntawm micronuclei thiab lwm yam erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities, CHQ qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 14.92 txog 97.00, qhia tias cypermethrin muaj peev xwm genotoxic txaus ntshai rau P. gracilis txawm nyob hauv nws qhov chaw nyob. Nrog rau kev tuag, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm xenobiotic tebchaw tolerable rau P. gracilis yog 4.24 μg L-1. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov concentrations tsawg li 1 μg / L kuj pom muaj cov teebmeem genotoxic. Qhov tseeb no yuav ua rau muaj coob tus neeg txawv txav 57 thiab cuam tshuam rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov tsiaj hauv lawv qhov chaw nyob, ua rau cov neeg amphibian poob qis.
Kev lag luam formulations ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab cypermethrin pom muaj mob hnyav thiab mob toxicity rau P. gracilis. Cov neeg tuag ntau dua tau pom, yuav yog vim muaj tshuaj lom, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm qhov muaj micronuclei thiab erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog serrated nuclei, lobed nuclei, thiab vesicular nuclei. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hom kawm tau pom muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib puag ncig, ob qho tib si mob thiab ntev. Cov ntaub ntawv no, ua ke nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los los ntawm peb pab pawg tshawb fawb, pom tias txawm tias sib txawv kev lag luam formulations ntawm cypermethrin tseem ua rau txo qis acetylcholinesterase (AChE) thiab butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) kev ua ub no thiab oxidative stress58, thiab ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua luam dej thiab qhov ncauj malformations59 hauv P. gracilis, qhia tias muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg ua lag luam thiab kev ua lag luam. tej hom. Hartmann et al. 60 pom tias kev lag luam formulations ntawm cypermethrin yog cov tshuaj lom tshaj plaws rau P. gracilis thiab lwm hom ntawm tib genus (P. cuvieri) piv nrog cuaj lwm yam tshuaj tua kab. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev pom zoo raug cai muaj ntau ntawm cypermethrin rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig yuav ua rau muaj kev tuag ntau thiab cov neeg nyob mus ntev poob.
Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog xav tau los ntsuam xyuas cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab rau amphibians, vim tias qhov muaj nyob hauv ib puag ncig yuav ua rau muaj kev tuag ntau thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau P. gracilis. Kev tshawb fawb txog hom amphibian yuav tsum tau txhawb nqa, vim tias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kab mob no tsis tshua muaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm hom Brazilian.
Qhov kev kuaj mob toxicity ntev ntev rau 168 h (7 hnub) nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li qub thiab cov sublethal concentrations yog: 1, 3, 6 thiab 20 μg ai L-1. Hauv ob qho kev sim, 10 tadpoles ib pab pawg kho mob tau soj ntsuam nrog rau 6 tus neeg rov ua dua, rau tag nrho ntawm 60 tadpoles ib qhov concentration. Lub caij no, kev kho dej tsuas yog ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Txhua qhov kev sim teeb tsa muaj ib lub khob iav tsis huv nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 500 ml thiab qhov ntom ntawm 1 tadpole ib 50 ml ntawm kev daws. Lub raj mis tau npog nrog polyethylene zaj duab xis los tiv thaiv evaporation thiab tau txuas ntxiv aerated.
Cov dej tau raug tshuaj xyuas los txiav txim siab cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm 0, 96, thiab 168 h. Raws li Sabin et al. 68 thiab Martins et al. 69, cov kev soj ntsuam tau ua nyob rau ntawm Pesticide Analysis Laboratory (LARP) ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws University of Santa Maria siv roj chromatography ua ke rau triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (Varian qauv 1200, Palo Alto, California, USA). Kev txiav txim kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hauv dej tau pom tias yog cov khoom siv ntxiv (Table SM1).
Rau qhov ntsuas micronucleus (MNT) thiab liab cell nuclear abnormality test (RNA), 15 tadpoles los ntawm txhua pab pawg kho mob tau txheeb xyuas. Tadpoles tau muab tshuaj loog nrog 5% lidocaine (50 mg g-170) thiab cov ntshav kuaj tau sau los ntawm cov hlab plawv uas siv cov tshuaj heparinized pov tseg. Cov ntshav smears tau npaj rau ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab mob tsis muaj menyuam, cua qhuav, kho nrog 100% methanol (4 ° C) rau 2 min, thiab tom qab ntawd stained nrog 10% Giemsa tov rau 15 min hauv qhov tsaus ntuj. Thaum kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov swb tau ntxuav nrog dej distilled kom tshem tawm cov stain ntau dhau thiab qhuav ntawm chav tsev kub.
Tsawg kawg yog 1000 RBCs los ntawm txhua tus tadpole tau txheeb xyuas siv 100 × lub tshuab tsom nrog lub hom phiaj 71 txhawm rau txiav txim siab muaj MN thiab ENA. Tag nrho ntawm 75,796 RBCs los ntawm tadpoles tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cypermethrin concentrations thiab tswj. Genotoxicity tau txheeb xyuas raws li txoj kev ntawm Carrasco li al. thiab Fenech et al.38,72 los ntawm kev txiav txim siab zaus ntawm cov kab mob hauv qab no: (1) cov hlwb anucleate: cov hlwb tsis muaj nuclei; (2) apoptotic hlwb: nuclear fragmentation, programmed cell tuag; (3) binucleate hlwb: hlwb nrog ob nuclei; (4) nuclear buds los yog bleb hlwb: hlwb nrog nuclei nrog me me protrusions ntawm daim nyias nyias, blebs zoo ib yam li micronuclei; (5) karyolyzed hlwb: cov hlwb tsuas yog cov qauv ntawm cov nucleus tsis muaj cov khoom siv sab hauv; (6) cov hlwb tsis zoo: cov hlwb uas muaj cov nuclei nrog cov kab nrib pleb lossis cov kab nrib pleb hauv lawv cov duab, tseem hu ua lub raum-zoo li tus nuclei; (7) lobulated hlwb: cov hlwb nrog nuclear protrusions loj dua li cov vesicles hais; thiab (8) microcells: cell nrog condensed nuclei thiab txo cytoplasm. Cov kev hloov pauv tau muab piv nrog cov kev tswj tsis zoo.
Cov txiaj ntsig kev kuaj mob hnyav (LC50) tau txheeb xyuas siv GBasic software thiab TSK-Trimmed Spearman-Karber method74. Cov ntaub ntawv kuaj mob ntev tau raug kuaj ua ntej rau kev ua yuam kev li qub (Shapiro-Wilks) thiab homogeneity ntawm variance (Bartlett). Cov txiaj ntsig tau raug tshuaj xyuas siv ib txoj kev tsom xam ntawm qhov sib txawv (ANOVA). Tukey qhov kev sim tau siv los sib piv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv tus kheej, thiab Dunnett qhov kev sim tau siv los sib piv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm pab pawg kho mob thiab pab pawg tswj tsis zoo.
LOEC thiab NOEC cov ntaub ntawv tau txheeb xyuas siv Dunnett qhov kev xeem. Kev ntsuam xyuas txheeb cais tau ua tiav siv Statistica 8.0 software (StatSoft) nrog rau qib tseem ceeb ntawm 95% (p <0.05).
Post lub sij hawm: Mar-13-2025