Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), hu ua kala-azar nyob rau hauv Indian subcontinent, yog kab mob cab uas tshwm sim los ntawm tus flagellated protozoan Leishmania uas tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus yog tias tsis kho sai. Sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes yog tib qho kev paub tseeb vector ntawm VL nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia, qhov twg nws yog tswj los ntawm sab hauv tsev residual spraying (IRS), ib tug hluavtaws insecticide. Kev siv DDT hauv VL tswj cov kev pab cuam tau ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv cov xuab zeb, yog li DDT tau hloov los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab alpha-cypermethrin. Txawm li cas los xij, alpha-cypermethrin ua zoo ib yam li DDT, yog li qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv cov xuab zeb nce ntxiv hauv kev ntxhov siab los ntawm kev rov raug tshuaj tua kab. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau soj ntsuam qhov raug yoov tshaj cum qus thiab lawv cov F1 progeny siv CDC lub raj mis bioassay.
Peb tau sau cov yoov tshaj cum los ntawm 10 lub zos hauv Muzaffarpur koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Bihar, Is Nrias teb. Yim lub zos txuas ntxiv siv lub zog siabtshuaj cypermethrinrau cov tshuaj tsuag sab hauv tsev, ib lub zos tau tso tseg tsis siv cov tshuaj cypermethrin siab rau cov tshuaj tsuag sab hauv tsev, thiab ib lub zos yeej tsis siv cov tshuaj cypermethrin siab rau hauv tsev. Cov yoov tshaj cum uas tau sau tseg tau raug tshuaj xyuas ua ntej tau teev tseg rau lub sijhawm teev tseg (3 μg / ml rau 40 min), thiab tus nqi poob qis thiab kev tuag raug kaw 24 teev tom qab kis.
Kev tua cov yoov tshaj cum qus muaj li ntawm 91.19% mus rau 99.47%, thiab cov neeg ntawm lawv cov F1 tiam ntawm 91.70% mus rau 98.89%. Nees nkaum plaub teev tom qab kis tau, qhov kev tuag ntawm yoov tshaj cum qus muaj li ntawm 89.34% mus rau 98.93%, thiab ntawm lawv cov tiam F1 muaj li ntawm 90.16% mus rau 98.33%.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau hais tias kev tawm tsam tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv P. argentipes, qhia tias yuav tsum tau saib xyuas txuas ntxiv thiab ceev faj kom tswj tau kev tswj hwm ib zaug kev tshem tawm tiav.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), hu ua kala-azar nyob rau hauv Indian subcontinent, yog ib tug kab mob cab uas tshwm sim los ntawm tus flagellated protozoan Leishmania thiab kis los ntawm tom ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov poj niam xuab zeb yoov (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Cov yoov xuab zeb tsuas yog qhov pom tseeb ntawm VL nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia. Is Nrias teb yog ze rau kev ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshem tawm VL. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau tswj kom muaj qhov tshwm sim tsawg tom qab tshem tawm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom txo qis cov pej xeem vector kom tsis txhob muaj peev xwm kis tau.
Kev tswj yoov tshaj cum nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia yog ua tiav los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab hauv tsev (IRS) siv cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws. Tus cwj pwm tsis pub leej twg paub ntawm cov silverlegs ua rau nws lub hom phiaj tsim nyog rau kev tswj xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab los ntawm kev txau sab hauv tsev [1]. Kev txau sab hauv tsev ntawm dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) raws li National Malaria Control Program hauv Is Nrias teb tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev hauv kev tswj cov yoov tshaj cum thiab txo qis VL mob [2]. Qhov kev tswj tsis tau npaj tseg ntawm VL no tau ua rau Indian VL Eradication Program tau txais kev txau sab hauv tsev ua thawj txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tswj nyiaj silverlegs. Xyoo 2005, tsoomfwv Is Nrias teb, Bangladesh, thiab Nepal tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus kev nkag siab nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshem tawm VL los ntawm 2015 [3]. Kev tshem tawm kev siv zog, suav nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tswj hwm vector thiab kev kuaj mob sai thiab kho tib neeg cov xwm txheej, tau tsom mus rau theem kev sib sau ua ke los ntawm 2015, lub hom phiaj tom qab hloov kho rau 2017 thiab tom qab ntawd 2020.[4] Daim phiaj xwm thoob ntiaj teb tshiab los tshem tawm cov kab mob uas tsis muaj chaw kub hnyiab suav nrog kev tshem tawm VL los ntawm 2030.[5]
Raws li Is Nrias teb nkag mus rau theem tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm BCVD, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb rau beta-cypermethrin tsis tsim. Yog vim li cas rau qhov tsis kam yog tias ob qho tib si DDT thiab cypermethrin muaj tib lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua, uas yog, lawv tsom rau VGSC protein [21]. Yog li, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev txhim kho hauv cov xuab zeb tuaj yeem nce ntxiv los ntawm kev ntxhov siab los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov cypermethrin muaj zog heev. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los saib xyuas thiab txheeb xyuas cov neeg muaj peev xwm sandfly resistant rau cov tshuaj tua kab no. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los saib xyuas cov xwm txheej ntawm cov tsiaj qus qus uas siv cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab cov sij hawm raug txiav txim los ntawm Chaubey li al. [20] kawm P. argentipes los ntawm ntau lub zos hauv Muzaffarpur koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Bihar, Is Nrias teb, uas tsis tu ncua siv cov tshuaj tsuag hauv tsev kho nrog cypermethrin (nruam IPS zos). Cov xwm txheej ntawm cov tsiaj qus P. argentipes los ntawm cov zos uas tau tso tseg siv cypermethrin-kho sab hauv tsev txau tshuab (yav tas los IPS zos) thiab cov uas tsis tau siv cypermethrin-kho sab hauv tsev spraying systems (tsis yog-IPS zos) tau muab piv siv CDC lub raj mis bioassay.
Kaum lub zos raug xaiv rau txoj kev tshawb no (Fig. 1; Table 1), ntawm uas yim muaj keeb kwm ntawm nruam nyob rau hauv tsev txau ntawm hluavtaws pyrethroids (hypermethrin; raug xaiv raws li nruam hypermethrin zos) thiab muaj VL mob (tsawg kawg ib kis) nyob rau hauv 3 lub xyoos dhau los. Ntawm ob lub zos ntxiv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, ib lub zos uas tsis tau siv tshuaj tsuag sab hauv tsev ntawm beta-cypermethrin (tsis yog nyob rau hauv tsev tshuaj tsuag lub zos) raug xaiv los ua lub zos tswj thiab lwm lub zos uas muaj intermittent indoor spraying ntawm beta-cypermethrin (intermittent indoor spraying village / qub indoor spraying village) raug xaiv los ua lub zos tswj. Kev xaiv ntawm cov zos no yog ua raws li kev sib koom tes nrog Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Pab Pawg Tshuaj Tsuag Sab Hauv Tsev thiab kev lees paub ntawm Indoor Spraying Micro Action Plan hauv Muzaffarpur District.
Daim ntawv qhia thaj chaw ntawm Muzaffarpur koog tsev kawm ntawv qhia cov chaw ntawm cov zos suav nrog hauv txoj kev kawm (1–10). Cov chaw kawm: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, Ramdas Majhauli; 3, Khawv koob; 4, Anandpur Haruni; 5, Pandey; 6, Hiav txwv; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Sib. Daim ntawv qhia tau npaj siv QGIS software (version 3.30.3) thiab Qhib Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Shapefile.
Lub raj mis rau qhov kev sim raug tau raug npaj raws li txoj hauv kev ntawm Chaubey li al. [20] and Denlinger et al. [22]. Luv luv, 500 mL iav fwj tau npaj ib hnub ua ntej kev sim thiab cov phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub raj mis tau coated nrog cov tshuaj tua kab (cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm α-cypermethrin yog 3 μg / mL) los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj acetone ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab (2.0 mL) rau hauv qab, phab ntsa thiab lub hau ntawm lub raj mis. Tom qab ntawd txhua lub raj mis tau qhuav rau ntawm lub tshuab raj rau 30 min. Thaum lub sij hawm no, maj mam unscrew lub hau kom cov acetone evaporate. Tom qab 30 feeb ntawm ziab, tshem tawm lub hau thiab tig lub raj mis kom txog thaum tag nrho cov acetone tau evaporated. Tom qab ntawd cov fwj tau tso tseg kom qhuav ib hmos. Rau txhua qhov kev sim rov ua dua, ib lub raj mis, siv los tswj, tau coated nrog 2.0 mL ntawm acetone. Txhua lub raj mis tau rov siv dua thoob plaws qhov kev sim tom qab kev tu kom tsim nyog raws li tus txheej txheem piav qhia los ntawm Denlinger li al. thiab Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv [22, 23].
Hnub tom qab kev npaj tshuaj tua kab, 30-40 yoov yoov yoov yoov (cov poj niam tshaib plab) raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tawb hauv vials thiab maj mam tshuab rau hauv txhua lub vial. Kwv yees li ntawm tib cov yoov tau siv rau txhua lub raj mis tshuaj tua kab, nrog rau kev tswj hwm. Rov ua qhov no tsawg kawg yog tsib mus rau rau zaus hauv txhua lub zos. Tom qab 40 feeb ntawm kev raug tshuaj tua kab, tus naj npawb ntawm yoov tsoo tau sau tseg. Tag nrho cov yoov raug ntes nrog lub tshuab nqus dej, muab tso rau hauv pint cardboard ntim nrog zoo mesh, thiab muab tso rau hauv ib qho chaw sib cais nyob rau hauv tib qhov av noo thiab kub nrog tib qhov chaw ntawm cov zaub mov (paj rwb ntim rau hauv 30% qab zib tov) raws li cov cheeb tsam tsis kho. Kev tuag tau sau tseg 24 teev tom qab raug cov tshuaj tua kab. Tag nrho cov yoov tshaj cum raug muab cais tawm thiab tshuaj xyuas kom paub meej tias hom kab mob. Tib txoj kev tau ua nrog F1 cov xeeb ntxwv yoov. Knockdown thiab tuag tus nqi raug kaw 24 teev tom qab raug. Yog tias kev tuag nyob rau hauv cov fwj tswj yog <5%, tsis muaj kev kho kev tuag nyob rau hauv cov replicates. Yog tias kev tuag nyob rau hauv lub raj mis tswj yog ≥ 5% thiab ≤ 20%, kev tuag hauv cov fwj tshuaj ntawm cov replicate tau raug kho los ntawm Abbott's formula. Yog tias kev tuag hauv pawg tswj hwm ntau dua 20%, tag nrho pawg xeem raug muab pov tseg [24, 25, 26].
Txhais tau tias kev tuag ntawm cov tsiaj qus-caught P. argentipes yoov tshaj cum. Cov kab yuam kev sawv cev rau cov txheej txheem yuam kev ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm ob kab liab kab rov tav nrog daim duab (90% thiab 98% kev tuag, feem) qhia tias lub qhov rais tuag nyob rau hauv qhov kev tiv thaiv yuav txhim kho.[25]
Txhais tau tias kev tuag ntawm F1 progeny ntawm qus-caught P. argentipes. Cov kab yuam kev sawv cev rau cov txheej txheem yuam kev ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Cov kab nkhaus cuam tshuam los ntawm ob txoj kab liab kab rov tav (90% thiab 98% kev tuag, raws li) sawv cev rau ntau qhov kev tuag ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam tuaj yeem tshwm sim [25].
Cov yoov tshaj cum hauv lub zos tswj / tsis yog IRS (Manifulkaha) tau pom tias muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau cov tshuaj tua kab. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev tuag (± SE) ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum qus 24 teev tom qab knockdown thiab raug yog 99.47 ± 0.52% thiab 98.93 ± 0.65%, ntsig txog, thiab qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev tuag ntawm F1 cov xeeb ntxwv yog 98.89 ± 1.13% thiab 1.13% feem (98. 3).
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau hais tias cov nyiaj-legged xuab zeb yoov tuaj yeem tsim kev tiv thaiv rau cov hluavtaws pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin hauv cov zos uas cov pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin tau siv niaj hnub. Hauv qhov sib piv, cov nyiaj-legged xuab zeb yoov tau sau los ntawm cov zos uas tsis tau them los ntawm IRS / kev tswj xyuas tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev. Kev saib xyuas qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov xuab zeb yoov yoov yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev saib xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab siv, vim tias cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem pab tswj cov tshuaj tua kab. Cov qib siab ntawm DDT tsis tu ncua tau tshaj tawm tsis tu ncua hauv cov xuab zeb yoov los ntawm thaj chaw muaj xwm txheej ntawm Bihar vim muaj kev xaiv keeb kwm los ntawm IRS siv cov tshuaj tua kab no [1].
Peb pom P. argentipes muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau cov pyrethroids, thiab kev sim hauv Is Nrias teb, Bangladesh thiab Nepal tau pom tias IRS muaj kev ua haujlwm siab zoo thaum siv nrog cypermethrin lossis deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Tsis ntev los no, Roy et al. [18] qhia tias P. argentipes tau tsim kev tiv thaiv pyrethroids hauv Nepal. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev cuam tshuam tau pom tias cov xuab zeb silverlegged cov yoov tau sau los ntawm cov zos uas tsis yog IRS raug cuam tshuam heev, tab sis yoov tau sau los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam / yav dhau los IRS thiab txuas ntxiv IRS cov zos (kev tuag ntawm 90% mus rau 97% tshwj tsis yog cov xuab zeb yoov los ntawm Anandpur-Haruni uas muaj 89.34% tom qab muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo heev) cypermethrin [25]. Ib qho laj thawj rau kev txhim kho ntawm qhov kev tiv thaiv no yog lub siab tawm los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tsuag sab hauv tsev (IRS) thiab cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag hauv zos, uas yog cov txheej txheem rau kev tswj cov kab mob kala-azar hauv cov cheeb tsam / cov blocks / zos (Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheem rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kab Mob thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas [30]. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm cuam tshuam rau thaj av no, tau txais los ntawm CDC lub raj mis bioassay, tsis muaj rau kev sib piv; gambiae), thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov concentrations rau cov xuab zeb tsis paub meej vim tias cov xuab zeb ya tsawg dua cov yoov tshaj cum, thiab siv sijhawm ntau rau kev sib cuag nrog cov substrate hauv bioassay [23].
Synthetic pyrethroids tau siv nyob rau hauv VL endemic cheeb tsam ntawm Nepal txij li thaum 1992, alternating nrog SPs alpha-cypermethrin thiab lambda-cyhalothrin rau sandfly tswj [31], thiab deltamethrin kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv Bangladesh txij thaum 2012 [32]. Phenotypic kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj qus ntawm silverlegged sandflies nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas hluavtaws pyrethroids tau siv rau lub sij hawm ntev [18, 33, 34]. Ib qho kev hloov pauv tsis sib xws (L1014F) tau kuaj pom hauv cov tsiaj qus ntawm Indian sandfly thiab tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv rau DDT, qhia tias pyrethroid tsis kam tshwm sim ntawm qib molecular, raws li DDT thiab pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) lub hom phiaj tib lub noob hauv kab paj hlwb [1.7] Yog li ntawd, kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cypermethrin susceptibility thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm yoov tshaj cum kuj yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum lub sij hawm eradication thiab tom qab eradication.
Ib qho kev txwv ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog tias peb siv CDC vial bioassay los ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam, tab sis txhua qhov kev sib piv siv tau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los siv WHO bioassay cov khoom siv. Cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm ob lub bioassays yuav tsis sib piv ncaj qha vim tias CDC vial bioassay ntsuas knockdown thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm kuaj mob, thaum WHO cov khoom siv bioassay ntsuas kev tuag ntawm 24 lossis 72 teev tom qab kis (tom kawg rau cov tshuaj ua haujlwm qeeb) [35]. Lwm qhov kev txwv muaj peev xwm yog tus naj npawb ntawm IRS lub zos hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no piv rau ib qho tsis yog IRS thiab ib qho tsis yog IRS / qub IRS lub zos. Peb tsis tuaj yeem xav tias theem ntawm yoov tshaj cum kab mob raug pom nyob rau hauv ib lub zos hauv ib cheeb tsam yog tus sawv cev ntawm theem ntawm kev raug mob hauv lwm lub zos thiab cheeb tsam hauv Bihar. Raws li Is Nrias teb nkag mus rau theem tom qab tshem tawm ntawm tus kab mob leukemia, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tiv thaiv kev txhim kho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Kev soj ntsuam ceev ceev ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv cov neeg sandfly los ntawm cov cheeb tsam sib txawv, cov blocks thiab thaj chaw yog xav tau. Cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog qhov ua ntej thiab yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus luam tawm los ntawm Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb [35] kom tau txais ib lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb ntawm P. argentipes nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no ua ntej hloov kho vector tswj cov kev pab cuam kom muaj neeg coob coob sandfly thiab txhawb kev tshem tawm cov kab mob leukemia.
Cov yoov tshaj cum P. argentipes, vector ntawm tus kab mob leukosis, tej zaum yuav pib pom cov tsos mob thaum ntxov ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau cov cypermethrin zoo heev. Kev saib xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj qus ntawm P. argentipes yog qhov tsim nyog los tswj xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm vector tswj kev cuam tshuam. Kev sib hloov ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab nrog ntau hom kev ua thiab / lossis kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tshiab yog qhov tsim nyog thiab pom zoo los tswj cov tshuaj tua kab tiv thaiv thiab txhawb kev tshem tawm cov kab mob leukosis hauv Is Nrias teb.
Post lub sij hawm: Feb-17-2025