Kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab uas tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg tau ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem, suav nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob uas tiv taus, kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Yog li ntawd, cov kab mob tshiabtshuaj tua kabuas muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig yog qhov xav tau sai. Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, rhamnolipid biosurfactant tsim los ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 tau siv los ntsuas qhov tshuaj lom rau yoov tshaj cum (Culex quinquefasciatus) thiab termite (Odontotermes obesus) larvae. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias muaj qhov tuag ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm kev kho mob. Tus nqi LC50 (50% lethal concentration) ntawm 48 teev rau termite thiab yoov tshaj cum larval biosurfactants tau txiav txim siab siv txoj kev nonlinear regression curve fitting. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias 48-teev LC50 tus nqi (95% kev ntseeg siab) ntawm larvicidal thiab antitermite kev ua ub no ntawm biosurfactant yog 26.49 mg / L (ntau yam 25.40 txog 27.57) thiab 33.43 mg / L (ntau yam 31.09 txog 35.68) feem. Raws li kev kuaj mob histopathological, kev kho mob nrog biosurfactants ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev rau cov ntaub so ntswg organelle ntawm larvae thiab termites. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau hais tias cov tshuaj microbial biosurfactant uas Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 tsim tawm yog ib qho cuab yeej zoo heev thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo rau kev tswj Cx. quinquefasciatus thiab O. obesus.
Cov teb chaws sov muaj ntau tus kab mob uas kis los ntawm yoov tshaj cum1. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob uas kis los ntawm yoov tshaj cum yog qhov dav heev. Ntau tshaj 400,000 tus neeg tuag los ntawm malaria txhua xyoo, thiab qee lub nroog loj tab tom muaj kev sib kis ntawm cov kab mob loj xws li dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya thiab Zika.2 Cov kab mob uas kis los ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum yog txuam nrog ib ntawm rau tus kab mob thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau yoov tshaj cum ua rau muaj cov mob loj tshaj plaws3,4. Culex, Anopheles thiab Aedes yog peb hom yoov tshaj cum uas feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev kis tus kab mob5. Kev kis tus kab mob dengue, uas yog tus kab mob kis los ntawm yoov tshaj cum Aedes aegypti, tau nce ntxiv rau kaum xyoo dhau los thiab ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem4,7,8. Raws li Lub Koom Haum Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb (WHO), ntau tshaj 40% ntawm cov pej xeem hauv ntiaj teb muaj feem yuav kis tus kab mob dengue, nrog rau 50-100 lab tus neeg mob tshiab tshwm sim txhua xyoo hauv ntau tshaj 100 lub teb chaws9,10,11. Dengue fever tau dhau los ua teeb meem loj rau kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem vim nws qhov tshwm sim tau nce ntxiv thoob ntiaj teb12,13,14. Kab Anopheles gambiae, feem ntau hu ua kab Anopheles African, yog tus kab mob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kab mob malaria hauv thaj chaw sov thiab thaj chaw sov15. Kab mob West Nile, kab mob St. Louis encephalitis, kab mob Japanese encephalitis, thiab kab mob kis ntawm nees thiab noog yog kis los ntawm kab Culex, feem ntau hu ua kab mob hauv tsev. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv kuj yog cov neeg nqa cov kab mob bacterial thiab parasitic16. Muaj ntau tshaj 3,000 hom kab mob termites hauv ntiaj teb, thiab lawv tau nyob ib puag ncig ntau tshaj 150 lab xyoo17. Feem ntau cov kab tsuag nyob hauv av thiab noj ntoo thiab cov khoom ntoo uas muaj cellulose. Kab mob Indian Odontotermes obesus yog ib qho kab tsuag tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev rau cov qoob loo tseem ceeb thiab cov ntoo cog18. Hauv cov cheeb tsam ua liaj ua teb, kev kis kab mob termite ntawm ntau theem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev rau ntau yam qoob loo, hom ntoo thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsim kho. Kab termites kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv tib neeg19.
Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab mob me me thiab cov kab tsuag hauv cov chaw muag tshuaj thiab kev ua liaj ua teb niaj hnub no yog qhov nyuaj heev20,21. Yog li ntawd, ob lub tuam txhab yuav tsum nrhiav cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshiab uas pheej yig thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo. Cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws tam sim no muaj thiab tau pom tias muaj kev sib kis thiab tiv thaiv cov kab uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj zoo22. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kev tshawb fawb txog biosurfactants tau nthuav dav vim lawv daim ntawv thov hauv ntau yam lag luam. Biosurfactants muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tseem ceeb hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, kev kho av, kev rho tawm roj av, cov kab mob thiab cov kab tsuag, thiab kev ua zaub mov23,24. Biosurfactants lossis microbial surfactants yog cov tshuaj biosurfactant tsim los ntawm cov kab mob me me xws li cov kab mob, cov poov xab thiab cov nceb hauv cov chaw nyob ntug dej hiav txwv thiab cov chaw muaj roj25,26. Cov tshuaj surfactants thiab biosurfactants yog ob hom uas tau txais ncaj qha los ntawm ib puag ncig ntuj27. Ntau yam biosurfactants tau txais los ntawm cov chaw nyob hauv dej hiav txwv28,29. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom nrhiav cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau kev tsim cov biosurfactants raws li cov kab mob ntuj30,31. Kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg no rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig32. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium thiab cov kab mob no yog cov neeg sawv cev uas tau kawm zoo23,33.
Muaj ntau hom biosurfactants nrog ntau yam kev siv34. Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj no yog tias qee qhov ntawm lawv muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob, tua kab mob thiab tua kab. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj thiab kev lag luam zoo nkauj35,36,37,38. Vim tias biosurfactants feem ntau yog biodegradable thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ib puag ncig, lawv siv rau hauv cov kev pab cuam tswj kab tsuag los tiv thaiv cov qoob loo39. Yog li, kev paub yooj yim tau txais txog cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab antitermite ua haujlwm ntawm microbial biosurfactants tsim los ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2. Peb tau tshuaj xyuas kev tuag thiab kev hloov pauv histological thaum raug rau ntau yam kev sib txawv ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactants. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau soj ntsuam qhov kev siv dav dav Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) computer program Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) los txiav txim siab qhov mob hnyav rau microalgae, daphnia, thiab ntses.
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, qhov kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kab mob (kev lom) ntawm cov biosurfactants huv ntawm ntau yam kev sib xyaw ua ke xws li 30 txog 50 mg / ml (ntawm 5 mg / ml sib nrug) tau sim tawm tsam Indian termites, O. obesus thiab hom plaub) Soj ntsuam. Cov kab menyuam ntawm instar Cx. Cov kab menyuam ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum quinquefasciatus. Biosurfactant LC50 concentration dhau 48 teev tawm tsam O. obesus thiab Cx. C. solanacearum. Cov kab menyuam yoov tshaj cum tau txheeb xyuas siv txoj kev nonlinear regression curve fitting. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias kev tuag ntawm kab menyuam nce ntxiv nrog kev nce biosurfactant concentration. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias cov biosurfactant muaj kev ua haujlwm tua kab mob (Daim Duab 1) thiab kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kab mob (Daim Duab 2), nrog 48-teev LC50 tus nqi (95% CI) ntawm 26.49 mg / L (25.40 txog 27.57) thiab 33.43 mg / l (Daim Duab 31.09 txog 35.68), feem (Rooj 1). Hais txog kev lom neeg mob hnyav (48 teev), cov biosurfactant raug cais ua "ua rau muaj kev phom sij" rau cov kab mob uas tau sim. Cov biosurfactant tsim tawm hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau qhia txog kev ua haujlwm tua kab mob zoo heev nrog 100% kev tuag hauv 24-48 teev ntawm kev raug.
Xam tus nqi LC50 rau kev ua haujlwm tua kab mob. Cov kab sib dhos tsis sib xws (kab khov kho) thiab 95% kev ntseeg siab (cheeb tsam ntxoov ntxoo) rau kev tuag sib piv (%).
Xam tus nqi LC50 rau kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kab tsuag. Kev sib piv ntawm cov kab tsis sib xws (kab khov kho) thiab 95% kev ntseeg siab (cheeb tsam ntxoov ntxoo) rau kev tuag sib piv (%).
Thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev sim, kev hloov pauv morphological thiab qhov tsis zoo tau pom nyob rau hauv lub tshuab microscope. Kev hloov pauv morphological tau pom nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg tswj thiab kho ntawm 40x magnification. Raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 3, kev loj hlob tsis zoo tshwm sim hauv feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob kho nrog biosurfactants. Daim Duab 3a qhia txog Cx ib txwm muaj. quinquefasciatus, Daim Duab 3b qhia txog Cx txawv txawv. Ua rau tsib tus kab mob nematode.
Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj biosurfactants uas tsis ua rau tuag taus (LC50) rau kev loj hlob ntawm Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Duab los ntawm lub teeb microscopy (a) ntawm Cx ib txwm muaj ntawm 40 × magnification. quinquefasciatus (b) Cx txawv txav. Ua rau muaj tsib tus kab nematode larvae.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, kev kuaj mob ntawm cov kab mob uas tau kho (Daim Duab 4) thiab cov kab ntsaum (Daim Duab 5) tau qhia txog ntau yam tsis zoo, suav nrog kev txo qis hauv thaj chaw plab thiab kev puas tsuaj rau cov leeg, cov txheej epithelial thiab daim tawv nqaij. midgut. Histology tau qhia txog txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ua haujlwm inhibitory ntawm biosurfactant siv hauv kev tshawb fawb no.
Kev kuaj mob ntawm cov kab mob Cx uas tsis tau kho zoo li qub. Cov kab mob quinquefasciatus (tswj: (a,b)) thiab kho nrog biosurfactant (kev kho: (c,d)). Cov xub qhia txog cov epithelium ntawm txoj hnyuv (epi), nuclei (n), thiab cov leeg (mu) uas tau kho lawm. Bar = 50 µm.
Kev kuaj mob ntawm cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov noob caj noob ces O. obesus uas tsis tau kho (kev tswj: (a,b)) thiab cov tshuaj biosurfactant uas tau kho (kev kho: (c,d)). Cov xub qhia txog cov epithelium ntawm txoj hnyuv (epi) thiab cov leeg nqaij (mu), raws li. Bar = 50 µm.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, ECOSAR tau siv los kwv yees qhov kev lom ntawm cov khoom rhamnolipid biosurfactant rau cov neeg tsim khoom thawj zaug (algae ntsuab), cov neeg siv khoom thawj zaug (cov kab dej) thiab cov neeg siv khoom thib ob (ntses). Qhov kev pab cuam no siv cov qauv tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm sib xyaw ua ke los ntsuas qhov kev lom raws li cov qauv molecular. Tus qauv siv cov software qauv-kev ua haujlwm (SAR) los xam qhov kev lom ntawm cov tshuaj rau cov tsiaj hauv dej thiab mus sij hawm ntev. Tshwj xeeb, Rooj 2 sau luv luv txog qhov kwv yees qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev tuag (LC50) thiab qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo (EC50) rau ntau hom tsiaj. Qhov kev lom uas xav tias yuav raug faib ua plaub theem siv Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (Rooj 3).
Kev tswj cov kab mob uas kis los ntawm cov kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kab mob yoov tshaj cum thiab cov kab mob Aedes. Cov neeg Iyiv, tam sim no ua haujlwm nyuaj 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Txawm hais tias qee cov tshuaj tua kab uas muaj tshuaj lom neeg, xws li pyrethroids thiab organophosphates, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, lawv ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo loj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, suav nrog ntshav qab zib, kev mob ntawm kev yug me nyuam, kev mob ntawm lub paj hlwb, mob qog noj ntshav, thiab kab mob ua pa. Ntxiv mus, dhau sijhawm, cov kab no tuaj yeem tiv taus lawv13,43,48. Yog li, kev tswj hwm kab mob zoo thiab zoo rau ib puag ncig yuav dhau los ua txoj hauv kev tswj hwm yoov tshaj cum nrov dua49,50. Benelli51 tau hais tias kev tswj hwm cov kab mob yoov tshaj cum thaum ntxov yuav ua tau zoo dua hauv nroog, tab sis lawv tsis pom zoo kom siv cov tshuaj tua kab hauv cov chaw nyob deb nroog52. Tom et al 53 kuj tau hais tias kev tswj hwm yoov tshaj cum thaum lawv tseem tsis tau loj hlob yuav yog ib qho kev nyab xeeb thiab yooj yim vim tias lawv muaj kev nkag siab ntau dua rau cov neeg sawv cev tswj hwm 54.
Kev tsim cov biosurfactant los ntawm ib hom kab mob muaj zog (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) tau qhia txog kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab muaj kev cia siab. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ua kom zoo dua cov biosurfactant siv cov kev ntsuas physicochemical26. Raws li lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov biosurfactant los ntawm cov peev xwm E. cloacae isolate yog incubation rau 36 teev, kev sib xyaw ntawm 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 ° C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% glucose ua carbon qhov chaw, 1% poov xab. cov extract tau siv ua qhov chaw nitrogen kom tau txais 2.61 g / L biosurfactant. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov biosurfactants tau piav qhia siv TLC, FTIR thiab MALDI-TOF-MS. Qhov no lees paub tias rhamnolipid yog biosurfactant. Glycolipid biosurfactants yog cov chav kawm uas tau kawm ntau tshaj plaws ntawm lwm hom biosurfactants55. Lawv muaj cov carbohydrate thiab lipid qhov chaw, feem ntau yog cov fatty acid saw. Ntawm cov glycolipids, cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb yog rhamnolipid thiab sophorolipid56. Rhamnolipids muaj ob lub rhamnose moieties txuas nrog mono- lossis di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57. Kev siv rhamnolipids hauv kev lag luam kho mob thiab tshuaj tau tsim zoo 58, ntxiv rau lawv siv tsis ntev los no ua tshuaj tua kab 59.
Qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm biosurfactant nrog thaj chaw hydrophobic ntawm lub siphon ua pa tso cai rau dej hla nws lub qhov stomatal, yog li ua rau kev sib cuag ntawm cov kab menyuam nrog ib puag ncig hauv dej ntau ntxiv. Qhov muaj biosurfactants kuj cuam tshuam rau lub trachea, qhov ntev uas nyob ze rau ntawm qhov chaw, uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau cov kab menyuam kom nkag mus rau ntawm qhov chaw thiab ua pa. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev nruj ntawm qhov chaw ntawm dej txo qis. Txij li thaum cov kab menyuam tsis tuaj yeem txuas rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm dej, lawv poob rau hauv qab ntawm lub tank, cuam tshuam kev siab hydrostatic, ua rau muaj kev siv zog ntau dhau thiab tuag los ntawm kev poob dej38,60. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws tau txais los ntawm Ghribi61, qhov twg biosurfactant tsim los ntawm Bacillus subtilis tau ua rau pom kev ua haujlwm larvicidal tawm tsam Ephestia kuehniella. Ib yam li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm larvicidal ntawm Cx. Das thiab Mukherjee23 kuj tau soj ntsuam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cyclic lipopeptides ntawm quinquefasciatus larvae.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactants tawm tsam Cx. Kev tua cov yoov tshaj cum quinquefasciatus yog sib xws nrog cov txiaj ntsig luam tawm yav dhau los. Piv txwv li, surfactins-based biosurfactants tsim los ntawm ntau yam kab mob ntawm genus Bacillus yog siv. thiab Pseudomonas spp. Qee cov ntawv qhia thaum ntxov 64,65,66 tau tshaj tawm txog kev ua haujlwm tua cov kab mob ntawm lipopeptide biosurfactants los ntawm Bacillus subtilis23. Deepali et al. 63 pom tias rhamnolipid biosurfactant cais los ntawm Stenotropomonas maltophilia muaj kev ua haujlwm larvicidal muaj zog ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 10 mg / L. Silva et al. 67 tau tshaj tawm txog kev ua haujlwm larvicidal ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactant tawm tsam Ae ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 1 g / L. Aedes aegypti. Kanakdande et al. 68 tau tshaj tawm tias lipopeptide biosurfactants tsim los ntawm Bacillus subtilis ua rau tag nrho cov neeg tuag hauv Culex larvae thiab termites nrog lipophilic fraction ntawm Eucalyptus. Ib yam li ntawd, Masendra et al. 69 tau tshaj tawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntsaum (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) kev tuag ntawm 61.7% hauv lipophilic n-hexane thiab EtOAc fractions ntawm E. nyoos extract.
Parthipan et al 70 tau tshaj tawm txog kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob lipopeptide biosurfactants uas tsim los ntawm Bacillus subtilis A1 thiab Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 tawm tsam Anopheles Stephensi, tus kab mob ntawm tus kab mob malaria Plasmodium. Lawv tau pom tias cov kab mob larvae thiab pupae muaj sia nyob ntev dua, muaj lub sijhawm oviposition luv dua, tsis muaj menyuam, thiab muaj lub neej luv dua thaum kho nrog ntau yam biosurfactants. Cov nqi LC50 uas tau pom ntawm B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 yog 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 thiab 7.99 mg / L rau ntau yam larval xeev (piv txwv li larvae I, II, III, IV thiab theem pupae) feem. Piv txwv li, biosurfactants rau theem larval I-IV thiab theem pupal ntawm Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 yog 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 thiab 6.99 mg / L, feem. Qhov kev ncua sijhawm ntawm cov kab menyuam thiab cov pupae uas tseem muaj sia nyob yog xav tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev cuam tshuam loj heev ntawm lub cev thiab kev zom zaub mov uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab71.
Wickerhamomyces anomalus hom CCMA 0358 tsim cov biosurfactant nrog 100% kev ua haujlwm larvicidal tawm tsam Aedes yoov tshaj cum. aegypti 24-teev lub sijhawm 38 siab dua li Silva et al tau tshaj tawm. Ib qho biosurfactant tsim los ntawm Pseudomonas aeruginosa siv roj paj noob hlis ua cov pa roj carbon tau pom tias tua tau 100% ntawm cov larvicidal hauv 48 teev 67. Abinaya et al.72 thiab Pradhan et al.73 kuj tau qhia txog cov teebmeem larvicidal lossis insecticidal ntawm surfactants tsim los ntawm ntau qhov isolates ntawm genus Bacillus. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb luam tawm yav dhau los los ntawm Senthil-Nathan et al. pom tias 100% ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum larvicidal raug rau cov nroj tsuag lagoons yuav tuag.74.
Kev ntsuam xyuas cov teebmeem sublethal ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab rau cov kab biology yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov kev pab cuam tswj kab tsuag sib xyaw vim tias cov koob tshuaj sublethal / concentration tsis tua kab tab sis yuav txo cov kab hauv cov tiam tom ntej los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev10. Siqueira et al 75 tau pom cov haujlwm tua kab mob tag nrho (100% kev tuag) ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg / ml) thaum kuaj ntawm ntau yam concentration xws li 50 txog 300 mg / ml. Theem kab ntawm Aedes aegypti hom kab. Lawv tau tshuaj xyuas cov teebmeem ntawm lub sijhawm mus rau kev tuag thiab sublethal concentration ntawm larval ciaj sia thiab kev ua luam dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau pom qhov txo qis hauv kev ua luam dej tom qab 24-48 teev ntawm kev raug rau sublethal concentration ntawm biosurfactant (piv txwv li, 50 mg / mL thiab 100 mg / mL). Cov tshuaj lom uas muaj lub luag haujlwm sublethal cog lus tau xav tias yuav ua tau zoo dua hauv kev ua rau ntau qhov kev puas tsuaj rau cov kab tsuag raug76.
Kev soj ntsuam txog peb cov txiaj ntsig qhia tau tias cov biosurfactants uas Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 tsim tawm hloov cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum (Cx. quinquefasciatus) thiab termite (O. obesus) larvae. Cov teeb meem zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev npaj cov roj basil hauv An. gambiaes.s thiab An. arabica tau piav qhia los ntawm Ochola77. Kamaraj et al.78 kuj tau piav qhia txog tib yam morphological abnormalities hauv An. Stephanie cov larvae tau raug rau cov nanoparticles kub. Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 kuj tau tshaj tawm tias cov roj tseem ceeb ntawm tus tswv yug yaj lub hnab tau ua puas tsuaj rau lub chamber thiab epithelial txheej ntawm Aedes albopictus. Aedes aegypti. Raghavendran et al tau tshaj tawm tias cov yoov tshaj cum larvae tau kho nrog 500 mg / ml mycelial extract ntawm ib qho Penicillium fungus hauv zos. Ae qhia txog kev puas tsuaj loj histological. aegypti thiab Cx. Kev tuag tus nqi 80. Yav dhau los, Abinaya et al. Plaub instar larvae ntawm An tau kawm. Stephensi thiab Ae. aegypti pom ntau yam kev hloov pauv histological hauv Aedes aegypti kho nrog B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, suav nrog gastric cecum, cov leeg nqaij atrophy, kev puas tsuaj thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov hlab ntsha ganglia72. Raws li Raghavendran et al., tom qab kho nrog P. daleae mycelial extract, cov hlwb midgut ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum kuaj (4th instar larvae) tau qhia txog o ntawm lub plab hnyuv lumen, txo qis hauv cov ntsiab lus intercellular, thiab nuclear degeneration81. Cov kev hloov pauv histological tib yam tau pom hauv cov yoov tshaj cum kho nrog echinacea nplooj extract, qhia txog lub peev xwm tua kab ntawm cov tshuaj kho50.
Kev siv ECOSAR software tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb82. Kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia tau hais tias qhov tshuaj lom ntawm ECOSAR biosurfactants rau microalgae (C. vulgaris), ntses thiab cov kab dej (D. magna) poob rau hauv qeb "kev lom" uas tau txhais los ntawm United Nations83. Tus qauv ECOSAR ecotoxicity siv SAR thiab QSAR los kwv yees qhov tshuaj lom sai thiab ntev ntawm cov tshuaj thiab feem ntau siv los kwv yees qhov tshuaj lom ntawm cov pa phem organic82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) thiab lwm yam tshuaj siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau yuav los ntawm HiMedia Laboratories, Is Nrias teb.
Kev tsim cov tshuaj biosurfactant tau ua tiav hauv 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks uas muaj 200 mL ntawm sterile Bushnell Haas medium ntxiv nrog 1% roj av ua qhov chaw carbon nkaus xwb. Kev ua ntej ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU / ml) tau txhaj tshuaj thiab cog qoob loo ntawm lub shaker orbital ntawm 37 ° C, 200 rpm rau 7 hnub. Tom qab lub sijhawm incubation, cov biosurfactant tau rho tawm los ntawm centrifuging cov kab lis kev cai nruab nrab ntawm 3400 × g rau 20 feeb ntawm 4 ° C thiab cov supernatant tau siv rau kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Cov txheej txheem optimization thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm biosurfactants tau txais yuav los ntawm peb txoj kev tshawb fawb ua ntej26.
Cov kab menyuam kab Culex quinquefasciatus tau txais los ntawm Lub Chaw Kawm Txuj Ci Siab Hauv Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (Is Nrias teb). Cov kab menyuam kab tau yug hauv cov thawv yas uas muaj dej deionized ntawm 27 ± 2 ° C thiab lub sijhawm photoperiod ntawm 12:12 (lub teeb: tsaus). Cov kab menyuam kab yoov tshaj cum tau pub 10% glucose kua.
Cov kab menyuam Culex quinquefasciatus tau pom nyob rau hauv cov thoob khib nyiab qhib thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. Siv cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm tus qauv los txheeb xyuas thiab cog cov kab menyuam hauv chav kuaj mob85. Kev sim tua kab menyuam tau ua raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm Lub Koom Haum Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb 86. SH. Cov kab menyuam theem plaub ntawm quinquefasciatus tau sau rau hauv cov raj kaw hauv pawg ntawm 25 ml thiab 50 ml nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm ob feem peb ntawm lawv lub peev xwm. Biosurfactant (0–50 mg / ml) tau ntxiv rau txhua lub raj ib leeg thiab khaws cia ntawm 25 ° C. Lub raj tswj tsuas yog siv dej distilled (50 ml). Cov kab menyuam tuag tau suav hais tias yog cov uas tsis qhia tias ua luam dej thaum lub sijhawm incubation (12–48 teev) 87. Xam qhov feem pua ntawm cov kab menyuam tuag siv cov qauv. (1)88.
Tsev neeg Odontotermitidae suav nrog tus kab mob Indian Odontotermes obesus, pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov cav ntoo lwj ntawm Agricultural Campus (Annamalai University, Is Nrias teb). Sim cov biosurfactant no (0–50 mg / ml) siv cov txheej txheem ib txwm los txiav txim siab seb nws puas muaj teeb meem. Tom qab ziab hauv laminar cua ntws rau 30 feeb, txhua daim ntawv Whatman tau coated nrog biosurfactant ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 30, 40, lossis 50 mg / ml. Cov ntawv ua ntej coated thiab uncoated strips tau sim thiab piv rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tais Petri. Txhua lub tais petri muaj txog peb caug tus kab mob O. obesus. Kev tswj hwm thiab kev sim termites tau muab daim ntawv ntub ua qhov chaw noj mov. Txhua lub phaj tau khaws cia rau hauv chav sov thoob plaws lub sijhawm incubation. Termites tuag tom qab 12, 24, 36 thiab 48 teev 89,90. Kab zauv 1 tau siv los kwv yees feem pua ntawm kev tuag ntawm termite ntawm ntau yam biosurfactant concentrations. (2).
Cov qauv tau khaws cia rau ntawm dej khov thiab ntim rau hauv cov raj me me uas muaj 100 ml ntawm 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) thiab xa mus rau Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) ntawm Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA). Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai. District, Tamil Nadu, Is Nrias teb rau kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv. Cov qauv tau kho tam sim ntawd hauv 4% paraformaldehyde ntawm 37 ° C rau 48 teev.
Tom qab theem kho, cov khoom siv tau ntxuav peb zaug nrog 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), ua kom qhuav hauv ethanol thiab tsau hauv LEICA resin rau 7 hnub. Tom qab ntawd cov khoom siv no muab tso rau hauv pwm yas uas muaj cov resin thiab polymerizer, thiab tom qab ntawd muab tso rau hauv qhov cub uas kub txog 37 ° C kom txog thaum lub thaiv uas muaj cov khoom siv no tau polymerized tag nrho.
Tom qab polymerization, cov blocks tau txiav siv LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) rau qhov tuab ntawm 3 hli. Cov seem tau muab faib ua pawg ntawm cov slides, nrog rau ntu ib daim slides. Cov slides tau ziab ntawm chav tsev kub, tom qab ntawd pleev xim nrog hematoxylin rau 7 feeb thiab ntxuav nrog dej ntws rau 4 feeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, thov cov tshuaj eosin rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij rau 5 feeb thiab yaug nrog dej ntws rau 5 feeb.
Kev lom tshuaj lom tau kwv yees siv cov tsiaj txhu hauv dej los ntawm ntau qib sib txawv ntawm thaj chaw sov: ntses 96-teev LC50, 48-teev D. magna LC50, thiab 96-teev algae ntsuab EC50. Kev lom tshuaj ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactants rau ntses thiab algae ntsuab tau soj ntsuam siv ECOSAR software version 2.2 rau Windows tsim los ntawm US Environmental Protection Agency. (Muaj online ntawm https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Txhua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas rau kev tua kab thiab kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag tau ua tiav ua peb zaug. Kev rov qab tsis sib xws (cov ntaub ntawv teev cov tshuaj teb) ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tuag ntawm kab thiab kab tsuag tau ua los xam qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev tua kab (LC50) nrog 95% kev ntseeg siab, thiab cov kab teb concentration tau tsim los ntawm kev siv Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Daim ntawv tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj biosurfactants microbial uas Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 tsim tawm ua cov tshuaj tua kab thiab cov tshuaj tua kab, thiab cov haujlwm no yuav pab txhawb rau kev nkag siab zoo dua txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab thiab cov tshuaj tua kab. Kev tshawb fawb txog cov kab mob uas tau kho nrog biosurfactants qhia txog kev puas tsuaj rau txoj hnyuv zom zaub mov, plab hnyuv, lub hlwb cortex thiab hyperplasia ntawm cov hlwb epithelial hauv plab hnyuv. Cov txiaj ntsig: Kev ntsuam xyuas tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab thiab cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactant tsim los ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 qhia tau hais tias cov tshuaj no yog cov tshuaj tua kab rau kev tswj cov kab mob kis los ntawm cov yoov (Cx quinquefasciatus) thiab cov kab (O. obesus). Muaj qhov xav tau los nkag siab txog qhov tshuaj lom hauv ib puag ncig ntawm cov tshuaj biosurfactants thiab lawv cov kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Daim ntawv tshawb fawb no muab lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb rau kev ntsuas qhov kev pheej hmoo ib puag ncig ntawm cov tshuaj biosurfactants.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Plaub Hlis-09-2024