Kev siv tshuaj tua kab dav dav tau ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem, suav nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob resistant, kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig thiab kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.Yog li ntawd, tshiab microbialtshuaj tua kabuas muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig yog xav tau ceev.Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, rhamnolipid biosurfactant tsim los ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 tau siv los ntsuas tshuaj lom rau yoov tshaj cum (Culex quinquefasciatus) thiab termite (Odontotermes obesus) larvae.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias muaj kev tuag nyob ntawm koob tshuaj ntawm kev kho mob.Qhov LC50 (50% lethal concentration) tus nqi ntawm 48 teev rau cov kab mob thiab yoov tshaj cum larval biosurfactants tau txiav txim siab siv cov txheej txheem nonlinear regression nkhaus haum.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias 48-teev LC50 qhov tseem ceeb (95% kev ntseeg siab ib ntus) ntawm larvicidal thiab antitermite kev ua ntawm biosurfactant yog 26.49 mg / L (ntau 25.40 txog 27.57) thiab 33.43 mg / L (ntau 31.09 txog 35.68 feem)Raws li kev soj ntsuam histopathological, kev kho mob nrog biosurfactants ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov ntaub so ntswg organelle ntawm larvae thiab termites.Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau hais tias microbial biosurfactant tsim los ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 yog ib qho zoo heev thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo rau Cx tswj.quinquefasciatus thiab O. obesus.
Cov teb chaws kub kub muaj ntau tus kab mob yoov tshaj cum-1.Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob yoov tshaj cum yog dav.Ntau tshaj 400,000 tus neeg tuag los ntawm tus kab mob malaria txhua xyoo, thiab qee lub nroog loj tab tom ntsib cov kab mob loj heev xws li dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya thiab Zika.2 cov kab mob uas kis los ntawm Vector yog txuam nrog ib ntawm rau tus kab mob thoob ntiaj teb, nrog yoov tshaj cum ua rau ntau tshaj plaws. cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb 3,4.Culex, Anopheles thiab Aedes yog peb hom yoov tshaj cum feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib kis kab mob5.Qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus mob dengue fever, ib qho kab mob kis los ntawm Aedes aegypti yoov tshaj cum, tau nce ntau xyoo dhau los thiab ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv tseem ceeb 4,7,8.Raws li Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (WHO), ntau dua 40% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov pej xeem muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus mob dengue, nrog 50-100 lab tus neeg mob tshiab tshwm sim txhua xyoo hauv ntau dua 100 lub teb chaws9,10,11.Dengue fever tau dhau los ua teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv loj rau pej xeem vim nws qhov xwm txheej tau nce thoob ntiaj teb 12,13,14.Anopheles gambiae, feem ntau hu ua African Anopheles yoov tshaj cum, yog tus kab mob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg malaria hauv thaj chaw sov thiab subtropical15.Kab mob West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, thiab kab mob kis ntawm nees thiab noog kis los ntawm Culex yoov tshaj cum, feem ntau hu ua yoov tshaj cum hauv tsev.Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv kuj yog cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob thiab kab mob parasitic16.Muaj ntau dua 3,000 hom kab mob hauv ntiaj teb, thiab lawv tau nyob ib puag ncig ntau dua 150 lab xyoo 17.Cov kab tsuag feem ntau nyob hauv cov av thiab noj cov ntoo thiab cov khoom ntoo uas muaj cellulose.Cov kab mob Indian Odontotermes obesus yog cov kab tsuag tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov qoob loo tseem ceeb thiab cog ntoo18.Hauv thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb, kab kab mob ntawm ntau theem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau ntau yam qoob loo, hom ntoo thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev.Termites kuj tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv19.
Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab mob thiab kab tsuag nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kev lag luam thiab kev ua liaj ua teb teb yog complex20,21.Yog li ntawd, ob lub tuam txhab yuav tsum nrhiav cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshiab uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tshuaj tua kab mob zoo.Cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws tam sim no muaj thiab tau pom tias kis tau thiab tshem tawm cov kab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig22.Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kev tshawb fawb txog biosurfactants tau nthuav dav vim lawv siv ntau yam kev lag luam.Biosurfactants muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tseem ceeb hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, kho av, tshem tawm roj av, cov kab mob thiab kab tshem tawm, thiab kev ua zaub mov23,24.Biosurfactants lossis microbial surfactants yog cov tshuaj biosurfactant uas tsim los ntawm cov kab mob xws li cov kab mob, cov poov xab thiab cov fungi nyob rau hauv cov chaw nyob ntug hiav txwv thiab cov chaw muaj roj 25,26.Chemically derived surfactants thiab biosurfactants yog ob hom uas tau txais ncaj qha los ntawm ib puag ncig ntuj27.Ntau yam biosurfactants tau txais los ntawm cov chaw nyob hauv hiav txwv28,29.Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom nrhiav cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau kev tsim cov biosurfactants raws li cov kab mob ntuj tsim30,31.Kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha no rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig32.Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium thiab cov kab mob no yog cov neeg sawv cev zoo kawm 23,33.
Muaj ntau hom biosurfactants nrog ntau hom kev siv34.Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov tebchaw no yog tias qee qhov ntawm lawv muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob, larvicidal thiab tshuaj tua kab.Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj, tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce industries35,36,37,38.Vim tias biosurfactants feem ntau yog biodegradable thiab ib puag ncig zoo, lawv tau siv rau hauv kev tswj xyuas kab tsuag los tiv thaiv qoob loo39.Yog li, cov kev paub yooj yim tau txais txog larvicidal thiab antitermite kev ua ntawm microbial biosurfactants tsim los ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2.Peb tau tshuaj xyuas kev tuag thiab kev hloov pauv hauv histological thaum raug qhov sib txawv ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactants.Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau soj ntsuam qhov kev siv ntau yam Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) computer program Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) los txiav txim siab mob toxicity rau microalgae, daphnia, thiab ntses.
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (toxicity) ntawm purified biosurfactants ntawm ntau qhov ntau ntawm 30 mus rau 50 mg / ml (ntawm 5 mg / ml ib ntus) tau sim tawm tsam Indian termites, O. obesus thiab plaub hom) soj ntsuam.Larvae ntawm instar Cx.Larvae ntawm yoov tshaj cum quinquefasciatus.Biosurfactant LC50 concentrations tshaj 48 teev tawm tsam O. obesus thiab Cx.C. solanacearum.Cov kab mob yoov tshaj cum tau raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem nonlinear regression nkhaus haum.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias termite tuag tau nce nrog kev nce biosurfactant concentration.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias biosurfactant muaj larvicidal kev ua haujlwm (Daim duab 1) thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob (Daim duab 2), nrog rau 48-teev LC50 qhov tseem ceeb (95% CI) ntawm 26.49 mg / L (25.40 txog 27.57) thiab 33.43 mg / l (Fig. 31.09 txog 35.68), raws li (Table 1).Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm mob toxicity (48 teev), biosurfactant raug cais raws li "kev phom sij" rau cov kab mob kuaj.Cov biosurfactant tsim nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau zoo heev larvicidal kev ua si nrog 100% kev tuag nyob rau hauv 24-48 teev ntawm raug.
Xam tus nqi LC50 rau kev ua larvicidal.Nonlinear regression nkhaus haum (khoom khov) thiab 95% kev ntseeg siab luv luv (qhov chaw ntxoov ntxoo) rau cov txheeb ze tuag (%).
Xam tus nqi LC50 rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob.Nonlinear regression nkhaus haum (khoom khov) thiab 95% kev ntseeg siab luv luv (qhov chaw ntxoov ntxoo) rau cov txheeb ze tuag (%).
Thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev sim, kev hloov morphological thiab anomalies tau pom nyob rau hauv lub microscope.Kev hloov pauv morphological tau pom nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm thiab kho cov pab pawg ntawm 40x magnification.Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 3, kev loj hlob tsis zoo tshwm sim nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov larvae kho nrog biosurfactants.Daim duab 3a qhia ib txwm Cx.quinquefasciatus, Daim duab 3b qhia txog qhov tsis zoo Cx.Ua rau tsib nematode larvae.
Cov nyhuv ntawm sublethal (LC50) koob tshuaj biosurfactants rau kev loj hlob ntawm Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.Lub teeb microscopy duab (a) ntawm ib txwm Cx ntawm 40 × magnification.quinquefasciatus (b) Abnormal Cx.Ua rau tsib nematode larvae.
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, histological soj ntsuam ntawm kho larvae (Fig. 4) thiab termites (Fig. 5) qhia ob peb yam txawv txav, nrog rau txo nyob rau hauv lub plab cheeb tsam thiab kev puas tsuaj rau cov leeg, epithelial txheej thiab daim tawv nqaij.midgut ua.Histology qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm inhibitory kev ua ntawm biosurfactant siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no.
Histopathology ntawm ib txwm tsis kho 4th instar Cx larvae.quinquefasciatus larvae (tswj: (a, b)) thiab kho nrog biosurfactant (kev kho: (c, d)).Cov xub qhia txog kev kho mob plab hnyuv epithelium (epi), nuclei (n), thiab nqaij (mu).Luas = 50 µm.
Histopathology ntawm ib txwm tsis kho O. obesus (tswj: (a, b)) thiab biosurfactant kho (kev kho mob: (c, d)).Cov xub qhia txog plab hnyuv epithelium (epi) thiab nqaij (mu), feem.Luas = 50 µm.
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, ECOSAR tau siv los kwv yees qhov mob toxicity ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactant cov khoom lag luam rau thawj cov neeg tsim khoom (ntsuab algae), thawj cov neeg siv khoom (dej fleas) thiab cov neeg siv khoom thib ob (ntses).Qhov kev pabcuam no siv cov qauv tsim qauv-kev ua haujlwm sib xyaw ua ke los ntsuas tshuaj lom neeg raws li cov qauv molecular.Tus qauv siv cov qauv-kev ua haujlwm (SAR) software los xam qhov mob hnyav thiab mus sij hawm ntev toxicity ntawm cov tshuaj rau cov tsiaj dej.Tshwj xeeb, Table 2 qhia txog qhov kwv yees qhov kev ua kom tuag taus (LC50) thiab txhais tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (EC50) rau ntau hom.Cov tshuaj toxicity raug categorized rau plaub theem siv lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Sib Haum Xeeb Kev Sib Cais ntawm Kev faib tawm thiab sau cov tshuaj (Table 3).
Kev tswj cov kab mob uas kis tau tus kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hom yoov tshaj cum thiab yoov tshaj cum Aedes.Cov neeg Iyiv, tam sim no nyuaj ua hauj lwm 40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Txawm hais tias qee cov tshuaj muaj tshuaj tua kab, xws li pyrethroids thiab organophosphates, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, lawv ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo loj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, suav nrog ntshav qab zib, kev mob qog noj ntshav, mob hlwb, mob qog noj ntshav, thiab kab mob ua pa.Ntxiv mus, dhau sij hawm, cov kab no tuaj yeem tiv taus lawv 13,43,48.Yog li, kev tswj hwm tus phooj ywg zoo thiab ib puag ncig kev lom zem yuav dhau los ua txoj kev tswj hwm yoov tshaj cum 49,50.Benelli51 tau hais tias kev tswj hwm cov yoov tshaj cum thaum ntxov yuav ua tau zoo dua hauv nroog, tab sis lawv tsis pom zoo kom siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov neeg nyob deb nroog52.Tom et al 53 kuj tau hais tias kev tswj yoov tshaj cum ntawm lawv cov theem tseem tsis tau paub yuav yog lub tswv yim zoo thiab yooj yim vim tias lawv muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tswj 54 .
Biosurfactant ntau lawm los ntawm lub zog muaj zog (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 optimizes biosurfactant ntau lawm siv physicochemical parameters26.Raws li lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb, qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov biosurfactant los ntawm lub peev xwm E. cloacae cais tawm yog incubation rau 36 teev, agitation ntawm 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 ° C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% qabzib raws li carbon qhov chaw, 1% poov xab. .Cov extract tau siv los ua cov nitrogen kom tau 2.61 g / L biosurfactant.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov biosurfactants tau siv TLC, FTIR thiab MALDI-TOF-MS.Qhov no tau lees paub tias rhamnolipid yog biosurfactant.Glycolipid biosurfactants yog cov kev tshawb fawb ntau tshaj plaws ntawm lwm hom biosurfactants55.Lawv muaj cov carbohydrate thiab lipid qhov chaw, feem ntau yog fatty acid chains.Ntawm glycolipids, cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb yog rhamnolipid thiab sophorolipid56.Rhamnolipids muaj ob rhamnose moieties txuas rau mono- lossis di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57 .Kev siv rhamnolipids hauv kev kho mob thiab kev lag luam tshuaj yog tsim tau zoo 58, ntxiv rau lawv cov kev siv tsis ntev los no ua tshuaj tua kab 59 .
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm biosurfactant nrog thaj tsam hydrophobic ntawm lub pa siphon tso cai rau dej hla nws cov kab noj hniav, yog li ua rau kev sib cuag ntawm cov larvae nrog rau cov dej nyob ib puag ncig.Lub xub ntiag ntawm biosurfactants kuj cuam tshuam rau lub trachea, qhov ntev ntawm qhov ze ntawm qhov chaw, uas ua rau nws yooj yim rau cov larvae nkag mus rau saum npoo thiab ua pa.Yog li ntawd, qhov nro ntawm cov dej txo qis.Txij li thaum cov larvae tsis tuaj yeem txuas mus rau saum npoo ntawm cov dej, lawv poob rau hauv qab ntawm lub tank, cuam tshuam hydrostatic siab, ua rau muaj kev siv zog ntau dhau thiab tuag los ntawm kev poob dej38,60.Cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws tau txais los ntawm Ghribi61, qhov twg biosurfactant tsim los ntawm Bacillus subtilis nthuav tawm larvicidal kev ua haujlwm tawm tsam Ephestia kuehniella.Ib yam li ntawd, larvicidal kev ua ntawm Cx.Das thiab Mukherjee23 kuj tau soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cyclic lipopeptides ntawm quinquefasciatus larvae.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb no cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm larvicidal ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactants tawm tsam Cx.Kev tua ntawm quinquefasciatus yoov tshaj cum yog ua raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau tshaj tawm yav dhau los.Piv txwv li, surfactin-based biosurfactants tsim los ntawm ntau yam kab mob ntawm genus Bacillus yog siv.thiab Pseudomonas spp.Qee qhov kev tshaj tawm ntxov 64,65,66 tau tshaj tawm txog kev tua menyuam yaus ntawm lipopeptide biosurfactants los ntawm Bacillus subtilis23.Deepali et al.63 pom tias rhamnolipid biosurfactant cais los ntawm Stenotropomonas maltophilia muaj zog larvicidal kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 10 mg / L.Silva et al.67 tau tshaj tawm txog kev ua haujlwm larvicidal ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactant tawm tsam Ae ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 1 g / L.Aedes aegypti.Kanakdande et al.68 tau tshaj tawm tias lipopeptide biosurfactants tsim los ntawm Bacillus subtilis ua rau tag nrho cov neeg tuag hauv Culex larvae thiab termites nrog lipophilic feem ntawm Eucalyptus.Ib yam li ntawd, Masendra et al.69 qhia neeg ua haujlwm ntsaum (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Teeb.) tuag ntawm 61.7% hauv lipophilic n -hexane thiab EtOAc feem ntawm E. crude extract.
Parthipan et al 70 tau tshaj tawm txog kev siv tshuaj tua kab ntawm lipopeptide biosurfactants tsim los ntawm Bacillus subtilis A1 thiab Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 tawm tsam Anopheles Stephensi, vector ntawm tus kab mob malaria parasite Plasmodium.Lawv pom tias larvae thiab pupae muaj sia nyob ntev dua, muaj lub sijhawm oviposition luv dua, tsis muaj menyuam, thiab muaj lub neej luv dua thaum kho nrog ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm biosurfactants.Qhov pom LC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 yog 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 thiab 7.99 mg / L rau cov xeev sib txawv (xws li larvae I, II, III, IV thiab theem pupae) raws li.Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv, biosurfactants rau larval theem I-IV thiab pupal theem ntawm Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 yog 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 thiab 6.99 mg / L, feem.Lub phenology qeeb ntawm cov ciaj sia ntawm cov larvae thiab pupae yog xav tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev thiab cov metabolic cuam tshuam los ntawm kev kho tshuaj tua kab71.
Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain CCMA 0358 tsim cov biosurfactant nrog 100% larvicidal kev ua haujlwm tawm tsam Aedes yoov tshaj cum.aegypti 24-teev ib ntus 38 tau siab dua li qhia los ntawm Silva li al.Ib qho biosurfactant tsim los ntawm Pseudomonas aeruginosa siv cov roj sunflower ua cov pa roj carbon monoxide tau pom tias tua 100% ntawm cov larvae hauv 48 teev 67.Abinaya et al.72 thiab Pradhan et al.73 kuj tau qhia txog cov kab mob larvicidal lossis insecticidal teebmeem ntawm surfactants uas tsim los ntawm ob peb cais ntawm genus Bacillus.Kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los los ntawm Senthil-Nathan et al.pom tias 100% ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum raug rau cov nroj tsuag lagoons yuav tuag.74.
Kev soj ntsuam cov teebmeem sublethal ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm kab biology yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tswj xyuas kab tsuag vim tias cov koob tshuaj sublethal / concentrations tsis tua kab tab sis tuaj yeem txo cov kab kab hauv lub neej yav tom ntej los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov yam ntxwv lom 10.Siqueira et al 75 tau pom ua tiav kev ua larvicidal (100% kev tuag) ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg / ml) thaum kuaj ntawm ntau qhov ntau ntawm 50 txog 300 mg / ml.Larval theem ntawm Aedes aegypti hom.Lawv txheeb xyuas cov teebmeem ntawm lub sijhawm rau kev tuag thiab sublethal concentrations ntawm larval ciaj sia taus thiab ua luam dej.Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau pom qhov txo qis hauv kev ua luam dej tom qab 24-48 teev ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau sublethal concentration ntawm biosurfactant (piv txwv li, 50 mg / mL thiab 100 mg / mL).Cov tshuaj lom uas muaj kev cia siab rau lub luag haujlwm sublethal yog xav tias yuav ua tau zoo dua hauv kev ua kom muaj ntau yam kev puas tsuaj rau cov kab tsuag 76.
Cov kev soj ntsuam histological ntawm peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias biosurfactants tsim los ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 cuam tshuam cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm yoov tshaj cum (Cx. quinquefasciatus) thiab termite (O. obesus) larvae.Zoo sib xws anomalies tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev npaj cov roj basil hauv An.gambies.s thiab An.arabica tau piav qhia los ntawm Ochola77.Kamaraj et al.78 kuj piav txog tib yam morphological txawv txav hauv An.Stephanie's larvae tau raug kub nanoparticles.Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 kuj tau tshaj tawm tias tus tswv yug yaj lub hnab ntim cov roj tseem ceeb tau ua rau lub chamber thiab epithelial txheej ntawm Aedes albopictus.Aedes aegypti.Raghavendran thiab al qhia tias yoov tshaj cum larvae tau kho nrog 500 mg / ml mycelial extract ntawm Penicillium fungus hauv zos.Ae qhia kev puas tsuaj histological loj heev.aegypti thiab Cx.Mortality rate 80. Yav tas los, Abinaya li al.Plaub instar larvae ntawm An tau kawm.Stephensi thiab Ae.aegypti pom muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv histological hauv Aedes aegypti kho nrog B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, suav nrog plab cecum, nqaij atrophy, kev puas tsuaj thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm paj hlwb ganglia72.Raws li Raghavendran li al., tom qab kev kho mob nrog P. daleae mycelial extract, midgut hlwb ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum kuaj (4th instar larvae) pom o ntawm txoj hnyuv lumen, txo qis hauv cov ntsiab lus intercellular, thiab nuclear degeneration81.Tib qhov kev hloov pauv histological tau pom nyob rau hauv yoov tshaj cum larvae kho nrog echinacea nplooj extract, qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob 50.
Kev siv ECOSAR software tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb82.Kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia tias qhov mob toxicity ntawm ECOSAR biosurfactants rau microalgae (C. vulgaris), ntses thiab dej fleas (D. magna) poob rau hauv qeb "toxicity" txhais los ntawm United Nations83.Tus qauv ECOSAR ecotoxicity siv SAR thiab QSAR los kwv yees qhov mob hnyav thiab mus sij hawm ntev toxicity ntawm cov khoom thiab feem ntau yog siv los kwv yees cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov organic pollutants82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) thiab tag nrho lwm cov tshuaj siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau yuav los ntawm HiMedia Laboratories, Is Nrias teb.
Biosurfactant ntau lawm tau ua nyob rau hauv 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks uas muaj 200 mL ntawm sterile Bushnell Haas nruab nrab supplemented nrog 1% crude roj raws li ib tug tib carbon qhov chaw.Ib tug preculture ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU / ml) tau inoculated thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub orbital shaker ntawm 37 ° C, 200 rpm rau 7 hnub.Tom qab lub sijhawm incubation, biosurfactant tau muab rho tawm los ntawm centrifuging cov kab lis kev cai nruab nrab ntawm 3400 × g rau 20 min ntawm 4 ° C thiab cov txiaj ntsig supernatant tau siv los tshuaj xyuas lub hom phiaj.Cov txheej txheem optimization thiab tus yam ntxwv ntawm biosurfactants tau txais los ntawm peb txoj kev kawm ua ntej26.
Culex quinquefasciatus larvae tau txais los ntawm Center for Advanced Study in Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India).Larvae tau muab tso rau hauv cov thawv yas ntim nrog dej deionized ntawm 27 ± 2 ° C thiab photoperiod ntawm 12:12 (lub teeb: tsaus).Cov yoov tshaj cum tau noj 10% qabzib tov.
Culex quinquefasciatus larvae tau pom nyob rau hauv qhib thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv septic tanks.Siv cov txheej txheem kev faib cov txheej txheem los txheeb xyuas thiab kab lis kev cai larvae hauv chav kuaj 85.Larvicidal trials tau ua raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm World Health Organization 86 .SH.Plaub instar larvae ntawm quinquefasciatus tau sau rau hauv cov raj kaw hauv cov pab pawg ntawm 25 ml thiab 50 ml nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm ob feem peb ntawm lawv lub peev xwm.Biosurfactant (0-50 mg / ml) tau ntxiv rau txhua lub raj ntawm tus kheej thiab khaws cia ntawm 25 ° C.Lub raj tswj tau siv tsuas yog dej distilled (50 ml).Cov larvae tuag tau raug suav hais tias yog cov uas tsis pom kev ua luam dej thaum lub sij hawm incubation (12-48 teev) 87 .Xam qhov feem pua ntawm cov larval mortality siv qhov sib npaug.(1) 88.
Tsev neeg Odontotermitidae suav nrog Indian termite Odontotermes obesus, pom nyob rau hauv rotting cav ntawm Agricultural Campus (Annamalai University, India).Ntsuam xyuas no biosurfactant (0–50 mg / ml) siv cov txheej txheem ib txwm txiav txim siab seb nws puas tsim nyog.Tom qab ziab hauv laminar cua ntws rau 30 min, txhua daim kab xev ntawm Whatman daim ntawv yog coated nrog biosurfactant ntawm ib tug concentration ntawm 30, 40, los yog 50 mg / ml.Pre-coated thiab uncoated ntawv strips tau sim thiab muab piv rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Petri phaj.Txhua lub tais petri muaj txog peb caug tus kab mob O. obesus.Kev tswj thiab ntsuas cov kab mob tau muab cov ntawv ntub dej ua khoom noj.Tag nrho cov phaj tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub thaum lub sij hawm incubation.Termites tuag tom qab 12, 24, 36 thiab 48 teev 89,90.Qhov sib npaug 1 tau siv los kwv yees qhov feem pua ntawm cov kab mob tuag ntawm qhov sib txawv biosurfactant concentrations.(2).
Cov qauv tau khaws cia rau hauv dej khov thiab ntim rau hauv microtubes uas muaj 100 ml ntawm 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) thiab xa mus rau Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) ntawm Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA).Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai.Hauv paus tsev kawm ntawv, Tamil Nadu, Is Nrias teb rau kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv.Cov qauv raug kho tam sim ntawd hauv 4% paraformaldehyde ntawm 37 ° C rau 48 teev.
Tom qab lub fixation theem, cov khoom raug ntxuav peb zaug nrog 0.1 M sodium phosphate tsis (pH 7.4), stepwise dehydrated nyob rau hauv ethanol thiab soaked nyob rau hauv LEICA resin rau 7 hnub.Tom qab ntawd cov khoom raug muab tso rau hauv cov pwm yas ntim nrog cov resin thiab polymerizer, thiab tom qab ntawd muab tso rau hauv qhov cub kub kom txog 37 ° C kom txog thaum lub block uas muaj cov khoom yog polymerized tag.
Tom qab polymerization, cov blocks raug txiav siv LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) mus rau lub thickness ntawm 3 hli.Cov seem yog pawg nyob rau hauv slides, nrog rau rau seem ib slides.Cov slides tau qhuav nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, ces stained nrog hematoxylin rau 7 min thiab ntxuav nrog dej ntws rau 4 min.Tsis tas li ntawd, siv cov tshuaj eosin rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij rau 5 feeb thiab yaug nrog dej ntws rau 5 feeb.
Kev mob toxicity tau kwv yees siv cov kab mob hauv dej los ntawm ntau qhov chaw sov: 96-teev ntses LC50, 48-teev D. magna LC50, thiab 96-teev ntsuab algae EC50.Cov tshuaj lom ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactants rau ntses thiab ntsuab algae tau soj ntsuam siv ECOSAR software version 2.2 rau Windows tsim los ntawm US Environmental Protection Agency.(Muaj nyob online ntawm https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Tag nrho cov kev ntsuam xyuas rau larvicidal thiab antitermite tau ua nyob rau hauv triplicate.Nonlinear regression (cov ntawv teev npe ntawm cov lus teb hloov pauv) ntawm cov ntaub ntawv larval thiab termite mortality tau ua los xam qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg tuag concentration (LC50) nrog 95% kev ntseeg siab ib ntus, thiab cov ntsiab lus teb nkhaus tau tsim siv Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA), 84, 91.
Txoj kev tshawb no qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm microbial biosurfactants uas tsim los ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 raws li yoov tshaj cum larvicidal thiab antitermite agents, thiab txoj haujlwm no yuav ua rau muaj kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm larvicidal thiab antitermite.Cov kev tshawb fawb histological ntawm larvae kho nrog biosurfactants pom kev puas tsuaj rau lub plab zom mov, midgut, cerebral cortex thiab hyperplasia ntawm plab hnyuv epithelial hlwb.Cov txiaj ntsig: Kev ntsuas tshuaj lom ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov kab mob larvicidal ntawm rhamnolipid biosurfactant uas tsim los ntawm Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 qhia tias qhov kev cais tawm no yog cov tshuaj biopesticide muaj peev xwm rau kev tswj cov kab mob vector-yug ntawm yoov tshaj cum (Cx quinquefasciatus) thiab termites (O. obesus).Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nkag siab txog qhov cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm biosurfactants thiab lawv qhov cuam tshuam ib puag ncig.Txoj kev tshawb no muab cov hauv paus kev tshawb fawb los ntsuas qhov kev pheej hmoo ib puag ncig ntawm biosurfactants.
Post lub sij hawm: Apr-09-2024