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Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag-derived insecticidal compounds tuaj yeem pom muaj kev sib koom ua ke lossis kev sib cuam tshuam rau cov kab tsuag. Muab cov kab mob kis tau sai sai los ntawm Aedes yoov tshaj cum thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm Aedes yoov tshaj cum rau cov tshuaj tua kab, nees nkaum yim ua ke ntawm terpene tebchaw raws li cov nroj tsuag tseem ceeb roj tau tsim thiab sim tawm tsam tus menyuam mos thiab cov laus theem ntawm Aedes aegypti. Tsib tsob nroj tseem ceeb roj (EOs) tau pib soj ntsuam rau lawv cov larvicidal thiab cov neeg laus siv tau zoo, thiab ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau txheeb xyuas hauv txhua EO raws li GC-MS cov txiaj ntsig. Cov ntsiab lus txheeb xyuas tau yuav, uas yog diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, carvone, limonene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, eucalyptol, eudesmol thiab yoov tshaj cum alpha-pinene. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm binary ntawm cov tebchaw no tau npaj siv cov koob tshuaj sublethal thiab lawv cov teebmeem kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev tawm tsam tau raug sim thiab txiav txim siab. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws larvicidal compositions yog tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw limonene nrog diallyl disulfide, thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov neeg laus muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw carvone nrog limonene. Kev lag luam siv hluavtaws larvicide Temphos thiab cov neeg laus cov tshuaj Malathion raug kuaj cais thiab hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog terpenoids. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias kev sib xyaw ntawm temephos thiab diallyl disulfide thiab malathion thiab eudesmol yog kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws. Cov kev sib xyaw ua ke muaj zog no muaj peev xwm siv tawm tsam Aedes aegypti.
Cov roj yam tseem ceeb (EOs) yog cov metabolites theem nrab uas muaj ntau yam bioactive compounds thiab tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws. Tsis tsuas yog lawv cov phooj ywg ib puag ncig thiab cov neeg siv khoom siv tau zoo, tab sis lawv kuj yog cov sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom sib txawv bioactive, uas kuj txo qis qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv1. Siv GC-MS thev naus laus zis, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau cov nroj tsuag tseem ceeb roj thiab txheeb xyuas ntau dua 3,000 cov tebchaw los ntawm 17,500 cov nroj tsuag uas muaj ntxhiab2, feem ntau tau sim rau cov tshuaj tua kab thiab tau tshaj tawm tias muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob 3,4. Qee cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb yog tib yam lossis ntau dua li ntawm nws cov ethylene oxide crude. Tab sis kev siv cov tshuaj ib leeg tuaj yeem rov tawm hauv chav rau kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv, ib yam li cov tshuaj tua kab 5,6. Yog li ntawd, tam sim no tsom mus rau kev npaj cov sib tov ntawm ethylene oxide-raws li cov tebchaw los txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov hom phiaj. Cov tib neeg cov tshuaj nquag muaj nyob hauv EOs tuaj yeem pom muaj kev sib koom ua ke lossis kev tawm tsam hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke uas cuam tshuam txog tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm EO, qhov tseeb uas tau hais meej zoo hauv cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yav dhau los7,8. Cov txheej txheem tswj vector kuj suav nrog EO thiab nws cov khoom. Cov tshuaj yoov tshaj cum ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb tau kawm ntau yam ntawm Culex thiab Anopheles yoov tshaj cum. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau sim tsim cov tshuaj tua kab zoo los ntawm kev sib txuas ntau yam nroj tsuag nrog kev lag luam siv tshuaj tua kab kom ua rau tag nrho cov tshuaj lom thiab txo cov kev mob tshwm sim 9. Tab sis kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tebchaw no tawm tsam Aedes aegypti tseem tsis tshua muaj. Kev nce qib hauv kev kho mob kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim tshuaj thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pab tiv thaiv qee yam kab mob los ntawm tus kab mob. Tab sis qhov muaj cov kab mob sib txawv ntawm tus kab mob, kis los ntawm Aedes aegypti yoov tshaj cum, tau ua rau tsis ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, thaum muaj cov kab mob no tshwm sim, cov kev tswj xyuas vector yog tib txoj kev xaiv los tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab mob. Hauv qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, kev tswj hwm ntawm Aedes aegypti yog qhov tseem ceeb heev vim nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv thiab lawv cov kab mob ua rau mob dengue fever, Zika, dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, thiab lwm yam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov mob ntawm yuav luag txhua tus kab mob Aedes-yug kab mob tau nce txhua xyoo hauv tebchaws Iziv thiab tau nce thoob ntiaj teb. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, yuav tsum tau ceev nrooj los tsim ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo rau cov pej xeem Aedes aegypti. Cov neeg sib tw muaj peev xwm hauv qhov no yog EOs, lawv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, thiab lawv cov kev sib xyaw ua ke. Yog li, txoj kev tshawb no tau sim txheeb xyuas cov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov nroj tsuag tseem ceeb EO tebchaw los ntawm tsib cov nroj tsuag nrog cov tshuaj tua kab (piv txwv li, mint, dawb huv basil, Eucalyptus pom, Allium sulfur thiab melaleuca) tiv thaiv Aedes aegypti.
Tag nrho cov EOs uas tau xaiv tau pom tias muaj peev xwm ua rau cov kab mob larvicidal tiv thaiv Aedes aegypti nrog 24-h LC50 xws li 0.42 txog 163.65 ppm. Cov kev ua larvicidal siab tshaj plaws tau sau tseg rau peppermint (Mp) EO nrog LC50 tus nqi ntawm 0.42 ppm ntawm 24 h, tom qab ntawd qej (Raws li) nrog tus nqi LC50 ntawm 16.19 ppm ntawm 24 h (Table 1).
Nrog rau kev zam ntawm Ocimum Sainttum, Os EO, tag nrho plaub qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam EOs tau pom pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua xua, nrog rau LC50 tus nqi xws li 23.37 txog 120.16 ppm nyob rau lub sijhawm 24-teev raug. Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tua cov neeg laus nrog LC50 tus nqi ntawm 23.37 ppm hauv 24 teev tom qab kis, ua raws li Eucalyptus maculata (Em) uas muaj LC50 tus nqi ntawm 101.91 ppm (Table 1). Ntawm qhov tod tes, LC50 tus nqi rau Os tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab tias qhov kev tuag siab tshaj plaws ntawm 53% tau sau tseg ntawm qhov koob tshuaj ntau tshaj (Cov duab ntxiv 3).
Ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv txhua EO tau txheeb xyuas thiab xaiv raws li NIST lub tsev qiv ntawv cov txiaj ntsig, GC chromatogram cheeb tsam feem pua, thiab MS spectra cov txiaj ntsig (Table 2). Rau EO Raws li, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau txheeb xyuas yog diallyl disulfide thiab diallyl trisulfide; rau EO Mp cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau txheeb xyuas yog carvone thiab limonene, rau EO Em cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau txheeb xyuas yog eudesmol thiab eucalyptol; Rau EO Os, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau txheeb xyuas yog eugenol thiab methyl eugenol, thiab rau EO Cl, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau txheeb xyuas yog eugenol thiab α-pinene (Daim duab 1, Cov duab ntxiv 5–8, Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv 1–5).
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm huab hwm coj spectrometry ntawm lub ntsiab terpenoids ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole R-eudamol).
Tag nrho ntawm cuaj lub tebchaw (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) tau txheeb xyuas tias yog cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm EO thiab tau muab bioassayed tawm tsam Aedes aegypti. theem. . Cov tshuaj eudesmol muaj qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm larvicidal nrog LC50 tus nqi ntawm 2.25 ppm tom qab 24 teev ntawm kev raug. Cov tshuaj diallyl disulfide thiab diallyl trisulfide kuj tau pom tias muaj peev xwm ua rau cov kab mob larvicidal, nrog rau cov koob tshuaj sublethal hauv thaj tsam ntawm 10-20 ppm. Kev ua haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm larvicidal tau rov pom dua rau cov tebchaw eugenol, limonene thiab eucalyptol nrog LC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm. thiab 181.33 ppm tom qab 24 teev, feem (Table 3). Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb larvicidal peev xwm ntawm methyl eugenol thiab carvone tau pom txawm tias nyob rau ntawm cov koob tshuaj ntau tshaj, yog li LC50 qhov tseem ceeb tsis tau suav (Table 3). Cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws Temephos muaj qhov ua kom tuag taus ntawm 0.43 ppm tiv thaiv Aedes aegypti dhau 24 teev ntawm kev raug (Table 3, Cov Lus Ntxiv 6).
Xya lub tebchaw (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene thiab carvone) tau txheeb xyuas tias yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm EO zoo thiab raug kuaj ib leeg rau cov neeg laus Egyptian Aedes yoov tshaj cum. Raws li Probit regression tsom xam, Eudesmol tau pom tias muaj peev xwm siab tshaj plaws nrog LC50 tus nqi ntawm 1.82 ppm, ua raws li Eucalyptol nrog LC50 tus nqi ntawm 17.60 ppm ntawm 24-teev raug. Lwm tsib qhov sib xyaw ua ke tau sim ua teeb meem rau cov neeg laus nrog LC50s txij li 140.79 txog 737.01 ppm (Table 3). Cov hluavtaws organophosphorus malathion muaj zog tsawg dua eudesmol thiab siab dua li lwm cov 6 lub tebchaw, nrog rau LC50 tus nqi ntawm 5.44 ppm nyob rau lub sijhawm 24-teev raug (Table 3, Supplementary Table 6).
Xya lub zog muaj zog hlau lead tebchaw thiab organophosphorus tamephosate tau raug xaiv los tsim kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lawv cov koob tshuaj LC50 hauv qhov sib piv 1: 1. Tag nrho ntawm 28 binary ua ke tau npaj thiab sim rau lawv cov larvicidal efficacy tiv thaiv Aedes aegypti. Cuaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke tau pom tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke, 14 kev sib xyaw ua ke yog antagonistic, thiab tsib qhov sib txuas tsis yog larvicidal. Ntawm cov kev sib xyaw ua ke, kev sib xyaw ntawm diallyl disulfide thiab temofol yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, nrog 100% kev tuag pom tom qab 24 teev (Table 4). Ib yam li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ntawm limonene nrog diallyl disulfide thiab eugenol nrog thymetphos tau pom tias muaj peev xwm zoo nrog kev soj ntsuam larval tuag ntawm 98.3% (Table 5). Qhov seem 4 kev sib xyaw ua ke, uas yog eudesmol ntxiv rau eucalyptol, eudesmol ntxiv rau limonene, eucalyptol ntxiv rau alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene ntxiv rau temephos, kuj tau pom qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov kab mob larvicidal, nrog rau kev soj ntsuam kev tuag ntau tshaj 90%. Qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev tuag yog ze rau 60-75%. (Table 4). Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm limonene nrog α-pinene lossis eucalyptus pom muaj kev cuam tshuam antagonistic. Ib yam li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ntawm Temephos nrog eugenol lossis eucalyptus lossis eudesmol lossis diallyl trisulfide tau pom tias muaj cov teebmeem antagonistic. Ib yam li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ntawm diallyl disulfide thiab diallyl trisulfide thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm cov tshuaj no nrog eudesmol lossis eugenol yog antagonistic hauv lawv cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Antagonism kuj tau tshaj tawm nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm eudesmol nrog eugenol lossis α-pinene.
Ntawm tag nrho 28 binary sib tov kuaj rau cov neeg laus cov kua qaub, 7 kev sib xyaw ua ke, 6 tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab 15 yog antagonistic. Kev sib xyaw ntawm eudesmol nrog eucalyptus thiab limonene nrog carvone tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li lwm cov kev sib xyaw ua ke, nrog rau kev tuag ntawm 24 teev ntawm 76% thiab 100%, feem (Table 5). Malathion tau pom tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke nrog txhua qhov sib xyaw ua ke tshwj tsis yog limonene thiab diallyl trisulfide. Ntawm qhov tod tes, antagonism tau pom ntawm diallyl disulfide thiab diallyl trisulfide thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm ob leeg nrog eucalyptus, lossis eucalyptol, lossis carvone, lossis limonene. Ib yam li ntawd, kev sib txuas ntawm α-pinene nrog eudesmol lossis limonene, eucalyptol nrog carvone lossis limonene, thiab limonene nrog eudesmol lossis malathion tau pom cov teebmeem larvicidal. Rau qhov ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw ua ke, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev cia siab thiab pom kev tuag (Table 5).
Raws li kev sib koom ua ke thiab cov koob tshuaj sublethal, lawv cov kab mob larvicidal toxicity tawm tsam ntau tus yoov tshaj cum Aedes aegypti thaum kawg tau xaiv thiab sim ntxiv. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias qhov pom kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas siv binary ua ke eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene thiab diallyl disulfide-timephos yog 100%, thaum qhov kev cia siab larval tuag yog 76.48%, 72.16% thiab 63.4%, ntsig txog (Table). . Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm limonene thiab eudesmol tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig, nrog 88% larval tuag tau pom nyob rau 24-teev raug mob (Table 6). Hauv cov ntsiab lus, plaub qhov kev xaiv binary ua ke kuj tau pom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kab mob larvicidal tiv thaiv Aedes aegypti thaum siv rau ntawm qhov loj (Table 6).
Peb qhov kev sib koom ua ke tau raug xaiv rau cov neeg laus bioassay los tswj cov neeg coob ntawm cov neeg laus Aedes aegypti. Txhawm rau xaiv cov kev sib txuas ua ke los sim ntawm cov kab kab loj, peb xub tsom mus rau ob qhov kev sib koom ua ke zoo tshaj plaws terpene, uas yog carvone ntxiv rau limonene thiab eucalyptol ntxiv rau eudesmol. Thib ob, kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws tau xaiv los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws organophosphate malathion thiab terpenoids. Peb ntseeg hais tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm malathion thiab eudesmol yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws rau kev sim ntawm cov kab kab loj loj vim tias qhov pom kev tuag ntau tshaj plaws thiab qis heev LC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg sib tw cov khoom xyaw. Malathion nthuav tawm kev sib koom ua ke nrog α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus, carvone thiab eudesmol. Tab sis yog tias peb saib LC50 qhov tseem ceeb, Eudesmol muaj tus nqi qis tshaj (2.25 ppm). Qhov ntsuas LC50 ntawm malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol thiab carvone yog 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 thiab 140.79 ppm. raws. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias kev sib xyaw ntawm malathion thiab eudesmol yog qhov kev pom zoo ua ke ntawm kev noj ntau npaum li cas. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias kev sib xyaw ntawm carvone ntxiv rau limonene thiab eudesmol ntxiv rau malathion muaj 100% pom kev tuag piv nrog kev cia siab tias kev tuag ntawm 61% txog 65%. Lwm qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke, eudesmol ntxiv rau eucalyptol, tau pom tias muaj kev tuag ntawm 78.66% tom qab 24 teev ntawm kev kis, piv rau qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev tuag ntawm 60%. Tag nrho peb qhov kev xaiv sib xyaw ua ke tau pom muaj kev sib koom ua ke txawm tias thaum ua ntawv thov rau qhov loj rau cov neeg laus Aedes aegypti (Table 6).
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, xaiv cov nroj tsuag EOs xws li Mp, As, Os, Em thiab Cl tau pom tias muaj kev phom sij rau cov neeg laus thiab cov laus ntawm Aedes aegypti. Mp EO muaj cov kev ua larvicidal siab tshaj plaws nrog LC50 tus nqi ntawm 0.42 ppm, ua raws li As, Os thiab Em EOs nrog tus nqi LC50 tsawg dua 50 ppm tom qab 24 teev. Cov txiaj ntsig no zoo ib yam nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm yoov tshaj cum thiab lwm yam yoov tshaj cum10,11,12,13,14. Txawm hais tias cov larvicidal potency ntawm Cl yog qis dua lwm cov roj tseem ceeb, nrog rau LC50 tus nqi ntawm 163.65 ppm tom qab 24 teev, nws cov neeg laus muaj peev xwm yog qhov siab tshaj plaws nrog LC50 tus nqi ntawm 23.37 ppm tom qab 24 teev. Mp, As thiab Em EOs kuj tau pom zoo ua rau muaj peev xwm ua xua nrog LC50 qhov tseem ceeb hauv thaj tsam ntawm 100-120 ppm ntawm 24 h ntawm qhov raug, tab sis kuj qis dua lawv cov larvicidal efficacy. Ntawm qhov tod tes, EO Os tau pom tias muaj kev ua xua tsis zoo txawm tias nyob ntawm qhov tshuaj kho siab tshaj plaws. Yog li, cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias cov tshuaj lom ntawm ethylene oxide rau cov nroj tsuag yuav txawv nyob ntawm qhov kev loj hlob ntawm yoov tshaj cum15. Nws kuj yog nyob ntawm tus nqi nkag ntawm EOs rau hauv kab hauv lub cev, lawv cov kev cuam tshuam nrog cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb, thiab qhov muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov yoov tshaj cum ntawm txhua theem kev loj hlob16. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntawm ethylene oxide, vim nws suav rau feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov tebchaw 3,12,17,18. Yog li ntawd, peb xav txog ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv txhua EO. Raws li GC-MS cov txiaj ntsig, diallyl disulfide thiab diallyl trisulfide tau txheeb xyuas tias yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm EO Raws li, uas yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv dhau los19,20,21. Txawm hais tias yav dhau los cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias menthol yog ib qho ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, carvone thiab limonene tau rov txheeb xyuas tias yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Mp EO22,23. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Os EO tau pom tias eugenol thiab methyl eugenol yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, uas zoo ib yam li qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yav dhau los16,24. Eucalyptol thiab eucalyptol tau tshaj tawm tias yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tam sim no hauv Em nplooj roj, uas yog raws li qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qee cov kws tshawb fawb 25,26 tab sis cuam tshuam rau qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Olalade li al.27. Kev tswj hwm ntawm cineole thiab α-pinene tau pom hauv melaleuca cov roj tseem ceeb, uas zoo ib yam li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los28,29. Intraspecific sib txawv nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab concentration ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb muab rho tawm los ntawm tib hom nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw tau tshaj tawm thiab kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, uas yog cuam tshuam los ntawm geographic nroj tsuag loj hlob tej yam kev mob, sau lub sij hawm, kev loj hlob theem, los yog cog hnub nyoog. zoo li chemotypes, thiab lwm yam.22,30,31,32. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau txheeb xyuas tom qab ntawd tau yuav thiab sim rau lawv cov kab mob larvicidal thiab cuam tshuam rau cov neeg laus Aedes aegypti yoov tshaj cum. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm larvicidal ntawm diallyl disulfide yog piv rau cov roj ntsha EO As. Tab sis qhov kev ua ntawm diallyl trisulfide yog siab dua EO As. Cov txiaj ntsig no zoo ib yam li cov tau txais los ntawm Kimbaris li al. 33 ntawm Culex philippines. Txawm li cas los xij, ob lub tebchaw no tsis tau qhia txog kev ua haujlwm zoo autocidal tawm tsam cov yoov tshaj cum, uas zoo ib yam nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Plata-Rueda li al 34 ntawm Tenebrio molitor. Os EO muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv kab mob larval ntawm Aedes aegypti, tab sis tsis tawm tsam cov neeg laus. Nws tau raug tsim los hais tias cov kev ua ntawm larvicidal cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug neeg tebchaw yog qis dua li ntawm crude Os EO. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub luag haujlwm rau lwm cov tebchaw thiab lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam hauv crude ethylene oxide. Methyl eugenol ib leeg muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, thaum eugenol ib leeg muaj kev ua haujlwm me me ntawm larvicidal. Qhov kev txiav txim siab no lees paub, ntawm ib sab, 35,36, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, cuam tshuam cov lus xaus ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yav dhau los37,38. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg ua haujlwm ntawm eugenol thiab methyleugenol tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj lom rau tib lub hom phiaj kab39. Limonene tau pom tias muaj kev ua haujlwm larvicidal nruab nrab, thaum cov nyhuv ntawm carvone tsis tseem ceeb. Ib yam li ntawd, qhov tsis tshua muaj toxicity ntawm limonene rau cov neeg laus cov kab thiab cov toxicity siab ntawm carvone txhawb cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qee qhov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los40 tab sis cuam tshuam lwm tus41. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus ntawm ob qho tib si intracyclic thiab exocyclic txoj hauj lwm yuav ua rau kom cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj no ua larvicides3,41, thaum carvone, uas yog ketone nrog unsaturated alpha thiab beta carbons, tuaj yeem pom muaj peev xwm ntau dua rau cov neeg laus 42. Txawm li cas los xij, tus yam ntxwv ntawm limonene thiab carvone yog qis dua li tag nrho EO Mp (Table 1, Table 3). Ntawm cov terpenoids kuaj, eudesmol tau pom tias muaj cov kab mob loj tshaj plaws thiab cov neeg laus ua haujlwm nrog LC50 tus nqi qis dua 2.5 ppm, ua rau nws muaj kev cia siab rau kev tswj hwm ntawm Aedes yoov tshaj cum. Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo yog qhov zoo dua li ntawm tag nrho EO Em, txawm hais tias qhov no tsis ua raws li qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Cheng li al.40. Eudesmol yog ib qho sesquiterpene nrog ob chav isoprene uas tsis muaj zog dua li cov pa oxygenated monoterpenes xws li eucalyptus thiab yog li ntawd muaj peev xwm ntau dua li tshuaj tua kab. Eucalyptol nws tus kheej muaj cov neeg laus ntau dua li kev ua larvicidal, thiab tau los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej ob qho tib si txhawb thiab tsis lees paub qhov no 37,43,44. Kev ua haujlwm ib leeg yog yuav luag piv rau tag nrho EO Cl. Lwm bicyclic monoterpene, α-pinene, muaj tsawg dua ntawm cov neeg laus cov nyhuv ntawm Aedes aegypti dua li cov nyhuv larvicidal, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm tag nrho EO Cl. Tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm terpenoids yog cuam tshuam los ntawm lawv lipophilicity, volatility, carbon branching, projection cheeb tsam, deg cheeb tsam, functional pawg thiab lawv txoj hauj lwm45,46. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov cell accumulations, thaiv kev ua pa ua pa, cuam tshuam kev sib kis ntawm cov hlab ntsha impulses, thiab lwm yam. 47 Cov hluavtaws organophosphate Temephos tau pom tias muaj cov kab mob larvicidal siab tshaj plaws nrog LC50 tus nqi ntawm 0.43 ppm, uas yog raws li Lek cov ntaub ntawv - Kev 48. Cov neeg laus ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws organophosphorus malathion tau tshaj tawm ntawm 5.44 ppm. Txawm hais tias ob lub organophosphates no tau pom cov lus teb zoo rau kev kuaj kab mob ntawm Aedes aegypti, yoov tshaj cum tiv thaiv cov tebchaw no tau tshaj tawm nyob rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb49. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws ntawm kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj ntsuab tau pom 50. Yog li, botanicals raug suav hais tias yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov tshuaj tua kab hauv kev tswj hwm vector.
Cov nyhuv larvicidal tau sim ntawm 28 binary ua ke (1: 1) npaj los ntawm cov muaj zog terpenoids thiab terpenoids nrog thymetphos, thiab 9 kev sib txuas tau pom tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke, 14 antagonistic thiab 5 antagonistic. Tsis muaj teebmeem. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus potency bioassay, 7 kev sib xyaw ua ke tau pom tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke, 15 kev sib xyaw ua ke yog antagonistic, thiab 6 kev sib xyaw ua ke tau tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Qhov laj thawj vim li cas qee qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke tsim cov txiaj ntsig sib koom ua ke tuaj yeem yog vim cov neeg sib tw sib txuas sib txuas ua ke nyob rau hauv ntau txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb, lossis rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov enzymes tseem ceeb ntawm ib txoj hauv kev lom neeg 51. Kev sib xyaw ntawm limonene nrog diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus lossis eugenol tau pom tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke hauv ob qho tib si me thiab loj daim ntawv thov (Table 6), thaum nws ua ke nrog eucalyptus lossis α-pinene tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov menyuam mos. Qhov nruab nrab, limonene zoo li yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke zoo, tej zaum yog vim muaj cov pab pawg methyl, kev nkag mus zoo rau hauv stratum corneum, thiab cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm kev ua 52,53. Yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias limonene tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij los ntawm kev nkag mus rau kab cuticles (kev sib cuag toxicity), cuam tshuam rau lub plab zom mov (antifeedant), lossis cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob ua pa (fumigation), 54 thaum phenylpropanoids xws li eugenol tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov enzymes metabolic 55. Yog li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij tag nrho ntawm kev sib xyaw. Eucalyptol tau pom tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke nrog diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus lossis α-pinene, tab sis lwm yam kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj tsis yog larvicidal lossis antagonistic. Cov kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov tau pom tias eucalyptol muaj inhibitory ua haujlwm ntawm acetylcholinesterase (AChE), nrog rau octaamine thiab GABA receptors56. Txij li thaum cyclic monoterpenes, eucalyptol, eugenol, thiab lwm yam yuav muaj tib lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua raws li lawv cov kev ua haujlwm neurotoxic, 57 yog li txo lawv cov teebmeem sib xyaw los ntawm kev sib nrig sib inhibition. Ib yam li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ntawm Temephos nrog diallyl disulfide, α-pinene thiab limonene tau pom tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke, txhawb nqa cov ntaub ntawv dhau los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws organophosphates58.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm eudesmol thiab eucalyptol tau pom tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov laus theem ntawm Aedes aegypti, tej zaum vim lawv cov qauv sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm vim lawv cov qauv tshuaj sib txawv. Eudesmol (ib qho sesquiterpene) tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau txoj kev ua pa 59 thiab eucalyptol (ib monoterpene) tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau acetylcholinesterase 60. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom xyaw rau ob lossis ntau lub hom phiaj tuaj yeem txhim kho tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig tuag ntawm kev sib xyaw. Hauv cov neeg laus cov tshuaj bioassays, malathion tau pom tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke nrog carvone lossis eucalyptol lossis eucalyptol lossis diallyl disulfide lossis α-pinene, qhia tias nws muaj kev sib koom ua ke nrog kev sib ntxiv ntawm limonene thiab di. Zoo synergistic allercide neeg sib tw rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm terpene tebchaw, nrog rau kev zam ntawm allyl trisulfide. Thangam thiab Kathiresan61 kuj tau tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm malathion nrog tshuaj ntsuab rho tawm. Qhov kev sib koom ua ke no tuaj yeem yog vim muaj kev sib xyaw tshuaj lom ntawm malathion thiab phytochemicals ntawm kab detoxifying enzymes. Organophosphates xws li malathion feem ntau ua los ntawm inhibiting cytochrome P450 esterases thiab monooxygenases62,63,64. Yog li ntawd, kev sib txuas ntawm malathion nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua thiab terpenes nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm kev txiav txim tuaj yeem txhim kho tag nrho cov nyhuv tuag rau yoov tshaj cum.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, antagonism qhia tau hais tias cov tebchaw xaiv tsis tshua muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke dua li txhua qhov sib xyaw ua ke. Yog vim li cas rau antagonism nyob rau hauv ib co ua ke tej zaum yuav yog hais tias ib tug compound hloov tus cwj pwm ntawm lwm yam compound los ntawm kev hloov tus nqi ntawm nqus, tis, metabolism, los yog excretion. Cov kws tshawb fawb thaum ntxov suav tias qhov no yog qhov ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam hauv kev sib xyaw tshuaj. Molecules Possible mechanism 65. Ib yam li ntawd, qhov ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws ntawm kev ua, kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom sib txuas rau tib lub receptor lossis lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov chaw. Qee qhov xwm txheej, tsis sib tw inhibition ntawm lub hom phiaj protein kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, ob organosulfur tebchaw, diallyl disulfide thiab diallyl trisulfide, qhia antagonistic teebmeem, tej zaum vim yog kev sib tw rau tib lub hom phiaj. Ib yam li ntawd, ob qho tshuaj sulfur no tau pom cov teebmeem antagonistic thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thaum ua ke nrog eudesmol thiab α-pinene. Eudesmol thiab alpha-pinene yog cyclic nyob rau hauv cov xwm, whereas diallyl disulfide thiab diallyl trisulfide yog aliphatic nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Raws li cov qauv tshuaj, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw no yuav tsum ua kom tag nrho cov kev ua rau tuag taus vim tias lawv lub hom phiaj feem ntau sib txawv34,47, tab sis kev sim peb pom antagonism, uas tej zaum yuav yog vim lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov tebchaw hauv qee yam kab mob uas tsis paub hauv vivo. systems raws li kev sib cuam tshuam. Ib yam li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cineole thiab α-pinene ua cov lus teb antagonistic, txawm hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias ob lub tebchaw muaj lub hom phiaj sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm 47,60. Txij li ob lub tebchaw yog cyclic monoterpenes, tej zaum yuav muaj qee qhov chaw lub hom phiaj uas tuaj yeem sib tw rau kev khi thiab cuam tshuam rau tag nrho toxicity ntawm cov combinatorial khub kawm.
Raws li LC50 qhov tseem ceeb thiab pom kev tuag, ob qhov kev sib koom ua ke terpene zoo tshaj plaws tau raug xaiv, uas yog cov khub ntawm carvone + limonene thiab eucalyptol + eudesmol, nrog rau cov hluavtaws organophosphorus malathion nrog terpenes. Kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws ntawm malathion + Eudesmol compounds tau sim hauv cov neeg laus cov tshuaj tua kab mob bioassay. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kab loj loj kom paub meej tias cov kev sib xyaw ua ke no puas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tawm tsam ntau tus neeg nyob rau qhov chaw raug loj heev. Tag nrho cov kev sib xyaw ua ke no qhia tau hais tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke tawm tsam loj swarms ntawm kab. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws tau txais rau qhov kev pom zoo sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kab mob larvicidal kuaj tawm tsam cov neeg coob ntawm Aedes aegypti larvae. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias kev sib koom ua ke zoo ntawm cov kab mob larvicidal thiab cov neeg laus ua ke ntawm cov nroj tsuag EO tebchaw yog cov neeg sib tw muaj zog tiv thaiv cov tshuaj hluavtaws uas twb muaj lawm thiab tuaj yeem siv ntxiv los tswj cov neeg Aedes aegypti. Ib yam li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hluavtaws lossis cov tshuaj tua neeg laus nrog terpenes tuaj yeem siv los txo cov koob tshuaj thymetphos lossis malathion rau yoov tshaj cum. Cov kev sib koom ua ke muaj zog no tuaj yeem muab cov kev daws teeb meem rau yav tom ntej kev tshawb fawb txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv Aedes yoov tshaj cum.
Qe ntawm Aedes aegypti tau sau los ntawm Regional Medical Research Center, Dibrugarh, Indian Council of Medical Research thiab khaws cia nyob rau hauv kev tswj kub (28 ± 1 ° C) thiab av noo (85 ± 5%) nyob rau hauv Department of Zoology, Gauhati University nyob rau hauv lub Cov xwm txheej hauv qab no: Arivoli tau piav qhia thiab al. Tom qab hatching, larvae tau noj cov zaub mov larval (dub biscuit hmoov thiab poov xab hauv qhov sib piv 3: 1) thiab cov neeg laus tau noj 10% qabzib tov. Pib txij hnub thib 3 tom qab tshwm sim, cov yoov tshaj cum poj niam laus raug tso cai nqus cov ntshav ntawm cov nas albino. Soak cov ntawv lim hauv dej hauv ib khob thiab muab tso rau hauv lub qe-ntev tawb.
Xaiv cov qauv cog xws li eucalyptus nplooj (Myrtaceae), dawb huv basil (Lamiaceae), mint (Lamiaceae), melaleuca (Myrtaceae) thiab allium noob (Amaryllidaceae). Sau los ntawm Guwahati thiab txheeb xyuas los ntawm Department of Botany, Gauhati University. Cov qauv cog qoob loo (500 g) raug rau hydrodistillation siv Clevenger apparatus rau 6 teev. Cov extracted EO tau sau rau hauv cov iav huv si thiab khaws cia ntawm 4 ° C rau kev kawm ntxiv.
Larvicidal toxicity tau kawm los ntawm kev hloov kho me ntsis tus qauv World Health Organization cov txheej txheem 67 . Siv DMSO ua emulsifier. Txhua EO concentration tau pib sim ntawm 100 thiab 1000 ppm, nthuav tawm 20 larvae nyob rau hauv txhua replicate. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau, kev siv ntau qhov ntau thiab cov neeg tuag tau sau tseg txij li 1 teev txog 6 teev (ntawm 1 teev ib ntus), thiab tom qab 24 teev, 48 teev thiab 72 teev tom qab kho. Sublethal concentrations (LC50) tau txiav txim siab tom qab 24, 48 thiab 72 teev ntawm raug. Txhua qhov concentration tau soj ntsuam hauv triplicate nrog rau ib qho kev tswj tsis zoo (dej nkaus xwb) thiab ib qho kev tswj zoo (DMSO-kho dej). Yog tias pupation tshwm sim thiab ntau dua 10% ntawm cov larvae ntawm pawg tswj hwm tuag, qhov kev sim rov ua dua. Yog tias qhov kev tuag ntawm pawg tswj hwm yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 5-10%, siv Abbott kho formula 68.
Txoj kev piav qhia los ntawm Ramar et al. 69 tau siv rau cov neeg laus bioassay tawm tsam Aedes aegypti siv acetone ua cov kuab tshuaj. Txhua EO tau pib sim tawm tsam cov neeg laus Aedes aegypti yoov tshaj cum ntawm qhov ntau ntawm 100 thiab 1000 ppm. Siv 2 ml ntawm txhua qhov kev daws teeb meem rau tus lej Whatman. 1 daim ntawv lim (loj 12 x 15 cm2) thiab cia cov acetone evaporate rau 10 feeb. Cov ntawv lim dej tsuas yog siv 2 ml ntawm acetone los tswj. Tom qab cov acetone tau evaporated, cov ntawv lim kho thiab tswj cov ntawv lim tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub raj cylindrical (10 cm tob). Kaum 3- mus rau 4-hnub-hnub uas tsis yog ntshav pub yoov tshaj cum tau pauv mus rau triplicates ntawm txhua qhov concentration. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev sim ua ntej, ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov roj xaiv tau raug sim. Kev tuag tau sau tseg ntawm 1 teev, 2 teev, 3 teev, 4 teev, 5 teev, 6 teev, 24 teev, 48 teev thiab 72 teev tom qab yoov tshaj cum tso. Muab xam LC50 qhov tseem ceeb rau lub sij hawm raug ntawm 24 teev, 48 teev thiab 72 teev. Yog tias qhov kev tuag ntawm kev tswj ntau tshaj 20%, rov ua dua tag nrho cov kev sim. Ib yam li ntawd, yog tias qhov kev tuag ntawm pawg tswj hwm ntau dua 5%, kho cov txiaj ntsig rau cov qauv kho uas siv Abbott's formula68.
Gas chromatography (Agilent 7890A) thiab huab hwm coj spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) tau ua los tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb xaiv. GC tau nruab nrog lub ntsuas FID thiab ib kab kab ke (HP5-MS). Cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog helium, tus nqi ntws yog 1 ml / min. Qhov kev pab cuam GC teev Allium sativum rau 10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M thiab Ocimum Sainttum rau 10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 – 280, rau mint 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, rau eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, thiab rau liab Rau ib txhiab txheej lawv yog lawv 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov EO tau txheeb xyuas raws li thaj tsam feem pua xws li GC chromatogram thiab cov txiaj ntsig loj spectrometry (xws li NIST 70 tus qauv database).
Ob lub tebchaw loj hauv txhua EO raug xaiv raws li GC-MS cov txiaj ntsig thiab yuav los ntawm Sigma-Aldrich ntawm 98-99% purity rau ntxiv bioassays. Cov tebchaw tau raug sim rau larvicidal thiab cov neeg laus ua tau zoo tiv thaiv Aedes aegypti raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no. Feem ntau siv hluavtaws larvicides tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) thiab cov neeg laus cov tshuaj malathion (Sigma Aldrich) tau txheeb xyuas los sib piv lawv cov txiaj ntsig nrog cov tshuaj EO xaiv, ua raws li cov txheej txheem tib yam.
Kev sib xyaw binary ntawm terpene tebchaw thiab terpene tebchaw ntxiv rau kev lag luam organophosphates (tilephos thiab malathion) tau npaj los ntawm kev sib xyaw LC50 koob tshuaj ntawm txhua tus neeg sib tw sib xyaw hauv 1: 1 piv. Cov kev npaj sib xyaw ua ke tau raug sim rau theem larval thiab cov neeg laus ntawm Aedes aegypti raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no. Txhua bioassay tau ua nyob rau hauv triplicate rau txhua qhov sib xyaw ua ke thiab hauv triplicate rau cov neeg sib txuas uas muaj nyob rau hauv txhua qhov sib xyaw. Kev tuag ntawm cov kab tua tau raug kaw tom qab 24 teev. Xam qhov xav tau kev tuag rau qhov sib xyaw binary siv cov qauv hauv qab no.
qhov twg E = xav kom tuag tus nqi ntawm Aedes aegypti yoov tshaj cum nyob rau hauv teb rau ib tug binary ua ke, piv txwv li kev twb kev txuas (A + B).
Cov nyhuv ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw binary tau sau tias yog kev sib koom ua ke, antagonistic, lossis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig raws li tus nqi χ2 suav los ntawm txoj kev piav qhia los ntawm Pavla52. Xam tus nqi χ2 rau txhua qhov sib xyaw ua ke siv cov qauv hauv qab no.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke tau txhais tau tias yog kev sib koom ua ke thaum qhov ntsuas χ2 tus nqi ntau dua li cov lus tus nqi rau cov qib sib xws ntawm kev ywj pheej (95% kev ntseeg siab ib ntus) thiab yog tias pom kev tuag tau pom ntau tshaj qhov kev xav tuag. Ib yam li ntawd, yog tias qhov ntsuas χ2 tus nqi rau ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntau tshaj li cov lus muaj txiaj ntsig nrog qee qhov kev ywj pheej, tab sis qhov pom kev tuag yog qis dua qhov kev xav tuag, kev kho mob suav hais tias yog antagonistic. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke tus nqi ntawm χ2 yog tsawg dua li lub rooj tus nqi nyob rau hauv cov qib sib xws ntawm kev ywj pheej, kev sib xyaw ua ke suav tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.
Peb mus rau plaub qhov sib xyaw ua ke (100 larvae thiab 50 larvicidal thiab kab laus ua haujlwm) raug xaiv rau kev sim tawm tsam ntau cov kab. Cov neeg laus) ua raws li saum toj no. Nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke, cov neeg sib xyaw uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv sib xyaw kuj tau sim ntawm cov lej sib npaug ntawm Aedes aegypti larvae thiab cov laus. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog ib feem LC50 koob tshuaj ntawm ib tus neeg sib tw sib xyaw thiab ib feem LC50 koob tshuaj ntawm lwm qhov sib xyaw. Nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus kev ua si bioassay, xaiv cov tebchaw tau yaj nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj acetone thiab siv rau lim ntawv qhwv nyob rau hauv ib tug 1300 cm3 cylindrical yas thawv. Cov acetone tau evaporated rau 10 feeb thiab cov neeg laus raug tso tawm. Ib yam li ntawd, hauv larvicidal bioassay, koob tshuaj LC50 tus neeg sib tw sib xyaw ua ntej tau yaj hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm DMSO thiab tom qab ntawd tov nrog 1 liter dej khaws cia hauv 1300 cc yas ntim, thiab cov larvae raug tso tawm.
Kev tsom xam qhov tseeb ntawm 71 cov ntaub ntawv kev tuag tau ua tiav siv SPSS (version 16) thiab Minitab software los xam LC50 qhov tseem ceeb.
Lub sij hawm xa tuaj: Plaub Hlis-01-2024