Ua kom zootswj yoov tshaj cumthiab txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob uas lawv muaj, kev xaiv zoo, kev ruaj ntseg thiab ib puag ncig zoo rau cov tshuaj tua kab yog xav tau. Peb tau soj ntsuam cov noob zaub mov los ntawm qee yam Brassicaceae (tsev neeg Brassica) raws li ib qho ntawm cov nroj tsuag-derived isothiocyanates uas ua los ntawm enzymatic hydrolysis ntawm biologically inactive glucosinolates siv nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm Egyptian Aedes (L., 1762). Tsib-defatted noob pluas noj (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 thiab Thlaspi arvense - peb hom tseem ceeb ntawm thermalzy inactivation thiab enactivation ntawm thermalzy inactivation. Cov khoom los txiav txim siab toxicity (LC50) ntawm allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate thiab 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate rau Aedes aegypti larvae ntawm 24-teev raug = 0.04 g / 120 ml dH2O). LC50 qhov tseem ceeb rau mustard, dawb mustard thiab horsetail. Noob noj mov yog 0.05, 0.08 thiab 0.05 raws li piv rau allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) thiab 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua rau cov menyuam mos ntawm H201 g / 24 teev tom qab kev kho mob ntau dua. Cov txiaj ntsig no zoo ib yam nrog kev tsim cov khoom noj alfalfa noob. Kev ua haujlwm siab dua ntawm benzyl esters sib haum rau cov nqi LC50. Kev siv cov noob nplej tuaj yeem muab txoj hauv kev zoo ntawm kev tswj yoov tshaj cum. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hmoov nplej cruciferous thiab nws cov tshuaj tseem ceeb tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum larvae thiab qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas lub ntuj sib txuas hauv cov noob qoob loo cruciferous tuaj yeem ua tus cog lus ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg larvicide rau yoov tshaj cum.
Cov kab mob kis los ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm Aedes yoov tshaj cum tseem yog teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob yoov tshaj cum kis mus rau thaj chaw 1,2,3 thiab rov tshwm sim, ua rau muaj kab mob hnyav 4,5,6,7. Kev kis kab mob ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu (xws li, chikungunya, dengue, Rift Valley kub taub hau, kub taub hau daj thiab tus kab mob Zika) yog qhov tsis tau muaj dua. Tus mob khaub thuas ib leeg ua rau kwv yees li 3.6 billion tus neeg muaj kev pheej hmoo kis tus kab mob hauv thaj chaw sov, nrog kwv yees li 390 lab tus kab mob tshwm sim txhua xyoo, ua rau 6,100-24,300 tus neeg tuag hauv ib xyoos. Kev rov tshwm sim thiab tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob Zika hauv South America tau nyiam thoob ntiaj teb vim lub hlwb puas nws ua rau cov menyuam yug los rau cov poj niam muaj mob2. Kremer et al 3 kwv yees hais tias thaj chaw thaj tsam ntawm Aedes yoov tshaj cum yuav txuas ntxiv mus thiab hais tias los ntawm 2050, ib nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov pej xeem yuav muaj kev pheej hmoo kis kab mob los ntawm yoov tshaj cum arboviruses.
Tsuas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis ntev los no tau tsim tawm los tiv thaiv tus mob dengue thiab yellow fever, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yoov tshaj cum feem ntau tseem tsis tau tsim muaj 9,10,11. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem muaj nyob rau hauv tsawg thiab tsuas yog siv rau hauv kev sim tshuaj. Kev tswj cov yoov tshaj cum siv cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb los tswj kev kis kab mob yoov tshaj cum12,13. Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tua yoov tshaj cum, kev siv tshuaj tua kab txuas ntxiv ua rau tsis zoo rau cov kab mob uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj thiab ua phem rau ib puag ncig14,15,16. Tseem ceeb tshaj yog qhov sib txawv ntawm yoov tshaj cum tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tua kab 17,18,19. Cov teeb meem no cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tua kab tau nrawm rau kev tshawb nrhiav kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab ib puag ncig zoo rau kev tswj hwm kab mob vectors.
Ntau yam nroj tsuag tau tsim los ua qhov chaw ntawm phytopesticides rau kev tswj kab tsuag20,21. Cov tshuaj cog qoob loo feem ntau yog tus phooj ywg zoo ib puag ncig vim tias lawv yog biodegradable thiab muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg lossis tsis pom zoo rau cov kab mob uas tsis yog hom phiaj xws li tsiaj txhu, ntses thiab amphibians20,22. Kev npaj tshuaj ntsuab yog paub los tsim ntau yam bioactive tebchaw nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm kom tswj tau lub neej sib txawv ntawm yoov tshaj cum23,24,25,26. Cov khoom siv cog qoob loo xws li cov roj yam tseem ceeb thiab lwm cov khoom xyaw cog qoob loo tau txais kev pom zoo thiab ua rau txoj hauv kev rau cov cuab yeej tshiab los tswj cov yoov tshaj cum vectors. Cov roj tseem ceeb, monoterpenes thiab sesquiterpenes ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob, noj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab ovicides27,28,29,30,31,32,33. Ntau cov roj zaub ua rau cov yoov tshaj cum tuag, pupae thiab cov neeg laus34,35,36, cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb, ua pa, endocrine thiab lwm yam kab mob tseem ceeb.
Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau muab kev nkag siab txog qhov muaj peev xwm siv cov nroj tsuag mustard thiab lawv cov noob ua ib qhov chaw ntawm bioactive compounds. Mustard noob zaub mov tau raug kuaj raws li biofumigant38,39,40,41 thiab siv los ua cov av hloov kho rau cov nroj tsuag 42,43,44 thiab tswj cov av-yug cov nroj tsuag pathogens45,46,47,48,49,50, cog zaub mov. nematodes 41,51, 52, 53, 54 thiab kab tsuag 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov noob hmoov no yog ntaus nqi rau cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv hu ua isothiocyanates38,42,60. Hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tau khaws cia rau hauv cov nroj tsuag hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tsis yog bioactive glucosinolates. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov nroj tsuag raug puas los ntawm kab noj los yog kab mob kab mob, glucosinolates yog hydrolyzed los ntawm myrosinase rau hauv bioactive isothiocyanates55,61. Isothiocyanates yog cov tshuaj tsis haum tshuaj uas paub tias muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob dav dav thiab tshuaj tua kab, thiab lawv cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm lom neeg thiab cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm Brassicaceae hom 42,59,62,63.
Txawm hais tias isothiocyanates muab tau los ntawm cov noob zaub mov tau paub tias muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm lom neeg tiv thaiv kev kho mob tseem ceeb arthropod vectors tsis muaj. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tshuaj xyuas cov kev ua larvicidal ntawm plaub lub noob qoob loo tiv thaiv Aedes yoov tshaj cum. Larvae ntawm Aedes aegypti. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los soj ntsuam lawv cov peev xwm siv los ua ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg biopesticides rau kev tswj hwm yoov tshaj cum. Peb cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov noob noj mov, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), thiab 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) kuj tau sim los ntsuas cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum. Qhov no yog thawj daim ntawv tshaj tawm los ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm plaub lub noob qoob loo hmoov thiab lawv cov tshuaj tseem ceeb tiv thaiv yoov tshaj cum larvae.
Laboratory colonies ntawm Aedes aegypti (Rockefeller strain) tau khaws cia ntawm 26 ° C, 70% txheeb ze humidity (RH) thiab 10:14 h (L: D photoperiod). Mated poj niam tau nyob hauv lub tawb yas (qhov siab 11 cm thiab txoj kab uas hla 9.5 cm) thiab pub los ntawm lub raj mis pub mis siv cov ntshav citrated bovine (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, USA). Kev pub ntshav tau ua raws li niaj zaus siv lub tshuab nqus dej ntau lub iav (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) txuas nrog lub raj xa dej (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) nrog qhov kub thiab txias tswj 37 ° C. Nqa ib zaj duab xis ntawm Parafilm M mus rau hauv qab ntawm txhua lub iav pub chamber (chaw 154 mm2). Txhua tus feeder tau muab tso rau ntawm daim phiaj saum toj kawg nkaus uas npog lub tawb uas muaj tus poj niam mating. Kwv yees li ntawm 350–400 μl ntawm cov ntshav bovine tau ntxiv rau lub khob ntim dej uas siv Pasteur pipette (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) thiab cov neeg laus cov kab mob tau tso cai tso dej rau tsawg kawg ib teev. Cov poj niam cev xeeb tub tom qab ntawd tau muab 10% sucrose tov thiab tso cai rau nteg qe ntawm cov ntawv lim dej uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub khob soufflé ultra-clear (1.25 fl oz loj, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA). tawb nrog dej. Muab cov ntawv lim uas muaj qe rau hauv lub hnab ntim khoom (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) thiab khaws cia ntawm 26 ° C. Cov qe tau hatched thiab kwv yees li 200-250 larvae tau tsa hauv cov tais yas uas muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm luav chow (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Lub Hom Phiaj, KS, USA) thiab daim siab hmoov (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA). thiab ntses fillet (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 2: 1: 1. Lub sijhawm thib peb instar larvae tau siv hauv peb cov bioassays.
Nroj tsuag cov khoom siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau txais los ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab tsoomfwv hauv qab no: Brassica juncea (xim av mustard-Pacific Kub) thiab Brassica juncea (dawb mustard-Ida Kub) los ntawm Pacific Northwest Farmers' Cooperative, Washington State, Tebchaws USA; (Garden Cress) los ntawm Kelly Seed and Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, USA thiab Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) los ntawm USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA; Tsis muaj cov noob siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau kho nrog tshuaj tua kab. Tag nrho cov khoom siv noob tau ua tiav thiab siv rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no raws li cov cai hauv zos thiab hauv lub tebchaws thiab ua raws li tag nrho cov kev cai hauv zos thiab lub teb chaws. Txoj kev tshawb no tsis tau tshuaj xyuas cov nroj tsuag transgenic.
Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), Dawb mustard (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) cov noob tau muab tso rau hauv cov hmoov zoo siv Retsch ZM200 ultracentrifugal zeb (Retsch, Haan, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) nruab nrog 0.75 hli mesh thiab Stainless. steel rotor, 12 hniav, 10,000 rpm (Table 1). Cov hmoov nplej hauv av tau pauv mus rau daim ntawv thimble thiab defatted nrog hexane nyob rau hauv Soxhlet apparatus rau 24 teev. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm defatted teb mustard tau kho cua sov ntawm 100 ° C rau 1 h rau denature myrosinase thiab tiv thaiv hydrolysis ntawm glucosinolates los tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg isothiocyanates. Thaum tshav kub kub kho horsetail noob hmoov (DFP-HT) tau siv los ua kev tswj tsis zoo los ntawm denaturing myrosinase.
Glucosinolate cov ntsiab lus ntawm defatted noob pluas noj tau txiav txim siab hauv triplicate siv cov kua chromatography (HPLC) raws li kev tshaj tawm yav dhau los 64. Luv luv, 3 mL ntawm methanol tau ntxiv rau 250 mg piv txwv ntawm cov noob hmoov hmoov. Txhua tus qauv raug sonicated hauv da dej rau 30 feeb thiab tawm hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm 23 ° C rau 16 teev. Ib 1 mL aliquot ntawm cov organic txheej tau lim los ntawm 0.45 μm lim rau hauv autosampler. Khiav ntawm Shimadzu HPLC system (ob lub twj tso kua mis LC 20AD; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS ntes rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm 237 nm; thiab CBM-20A kev sib txuas lus tsheb npav), cov ntsiab lus glucosinolate ntawm cov noob zaub mov tau txiav txim siab. hauv triplicate. siv Shimadzu LC Solution software version 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA). Kem yog C18 Inertsil thim rov qab theem kab (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, USA). Cov xwm txheej pib ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau teeb tsa ntawm 12% methanol / 88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide hauv dej (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) nrog tus nqi ntws ntawm 1 mL / min. Tom qab txhaj tshuaj ntawm 15 μl ntawm cov qauv, thawj cov xwm txheej tau khaws cia rau 20 feeb, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov sib piv hnyav tau hloov mus rau 100% methanol, nrog rau tag nrho cov qauv ntsuas lub sijhawm ntawm 65 feeb. Ib qho qauv nkhaus (nM/mAb raws li) tau tsim los ntawm serial dilutions ntawm freshly npaj sinapine, glucosinolate thiab myrosin qauv (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) los kwv yees cov ntsiab lus ntawm leej faj ntawm cov noob noj mov. Glucosinolates. Glucosinolate concentrations hauv cov qauv raug kuaj ntawm Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) siv OpenLAB CDS ChemStation version (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) nruab nrog tib kem thiab siv txoj kev piav qhia yav dhau los. Glucosinolate concentration tau txiav txim siab; muab piv ntawm HPLC systems.
Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, ruaj khov) thiab benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) tau yuav los ntawm Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). 4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate tau yuav los ntawm ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA). Thaum enzymatically hydrolyzed los ntawm myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, thiab glucosinolates tsim allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, thiab 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate, feem.
Laboratory bioassays tau ua raws li txoj kev ntawm Muturi li al. 32 nrog kev hloov kho. Tsib cov noob muaj roj tsawg tau siv rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG thiab Ls. Nees nkaum larvae tau muab tso rau hauv 400 mL pov tseg peb-txoj kev beaker (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) uas muaj 120 mL deionized dej (dH2O). Xya lub noob zaub mov tau raug kuaj rau yoov tshaj cum larval toxicity: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 thiab 0.12 g noob pluas noj / 120 ml dH2O rau DFP noob pluas noj, DFP-HT, IG thiab PG. Cov bioassays ua ntej qhia tias defatted Ls noob hmoov muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li plaub lwm cov noob nplej uas tau sim. Yog li ntawd, peb tau kho xya qhov kev kho mob ntawm Ls noob zaub mov rau cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, thiab 0.075 g / 120 mL dH2O.
Ib pawg tswj tsis tau kho (dH20, tsis muaj noob noj ntxiv) tau suav nrog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kab tuag ib txwm nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam. Toxicological bioassays rau txhua lub noob noj zaub mov suav nrog peb qhov rov ua peb txoj kab nqes hav (20 lig thib peb instar larvae ib lub beaker), rau tag nrho ntawm 108 vials. Cov ntim khoom kho tau muab khaws cia rau hauv chav tsev kub (20-21 ° C) thiab larval tuag tau sau tseg thaum lub sijhawm 24 thiab 72 teev ntawm kev cuam tshuam kev kho mob tas li. Yog hais tias yoov tshaj cum lub cev thiab cov appendages tsis txav thaum pierced los yog kov nrog ib tug nyias stainless hlau spatula, cov yoov tshaj cum larvae raug suav hais tias tuag. Cov larvae tuag feem ntau nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub dorsal los yog ventral txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub thawv los yog nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov dej. Qhov kev sim tau rov ua dua peb zaug nyob rau hnub sib txawv uas siv cov pab pawg sib txawv ntawm cov larvae, rau tag nrho ntawm 180 larvae raug rau txhua qhov kev kho mob.
Kev tshuaj lom ntawm AITC, BITC, thiab 4-HBITC rau yoov tshaj cum larvae raug soj ntsuam siv tib txoj kev bioassay tab sis nrog kev kho mob sib txawv. Npaj 100,000 ppm npaj cov kev daws teeb meem rau txhua yam tshuaj los ntawm kev ntxiv 100 µL ntawm cov tshuaj mus rau 900 µL ntawm cov ethanol kiag li nyob rau hauv 2-mL centrifuge raj thiab co rau 30 vib nas this kom sib tov kom huv si. Kev kho mob tau txiav txim siab raws li peb cov bioassays ua ntej, uas pom BITC muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li AITC thiab 4-HBITC. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab toxicity, 5 concentrations ntawm BITC (1, 3, 6, 9 thiab 12 ppm), 7 concentrations ntawm AITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 thiab 35 ppm) thiab 6 concentrations ntawm 4-HBITC (15). , 15, 20, 25, 30 thiab 35 ppm). 30, 45, 60, 75 thiab 90 ppm). Kev tswj hwm kev kho mob tau txhaj nrog 108 μL ntawm cov ethanol kiag li, uas yog sib npaug rau qhov ntim siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev kho tshuaj. Bioassays tau rov ua dua li saum toj no, nthuav tawm tag nrho ntawm 180 larvae ib qho kev kho mob. Larval tuag tau sau tseg rau txhua qhov concentration ntawm AITC, BITC, thiab 4-HBITC tom qab 24 teev ntawm kev raug mob tas mus li.
Kev tsom xam ntawm 65 koob tshuaj txog kev tuag ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav siv Polo software (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, version 1.0) los xam 50% lethal concentration (LC50), 90% lethal concentration (LC90), txoj kab nqes, lethal dose coefficient, thiab 95 % tuag concentration. raws li kev cog qoob loo rau cov kab mob tuag taus rau cov log-hloov cov concentration thiab dose-mortality curves. Cov ntaub ntawv tuag yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas ua ke ntawm 180 tus menyuam mos uas raug rau txhua qhov kev kho mob. Kev soj ntsuam probabilistic tau ua cais rau txhua cov noob zaub mov thiab txhua yam tshuaj. Raws li 95% kev ntseeg siab lub sijhawm ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov tshuaj tuag, cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov noob zaub mov thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg rau yoov tshaj cum larvae tau suav tias yog qhov sib txawv, yog li lub sijhawm kev ntseeg siab uas muaj tus nqi ntawm 1 tsis txawv txav, P = 0.0566.
Cov txiaj ntsig HPLC rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov glucosinolates loj hauv cov noob nplej uas tsis muaj zog DFP, IG, PG thiab Ls tau teev nyob rau hauv Table 1. Cov glucosinolates loj hauv cov noob nplej uas tau sim ntau yam tshwj tsis yog DFP thiab PG, uas ob leeg muaj myrosinase glucosinolates. Cov ntsiab lus myrosinin hauv PG yog siab dua hauv DFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 thiab 26.5 ± 0.9 mg / g, feem. Ls noob hmoov muaj 36.6 ± 1.2 mg / g glucoglycone, whereas IG noob hmoov muaj 38.0 ± 0.5 mg / g sinapine.
Larvae of Ae. Aedes aegypti yoov tshaj cum raug tua thaum kho nrog cov zaub mov tsis zoo, txawm hais tias qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev kho mob txawv nyob ntawm hom nroj tsuag. Tsuas yog DFP-NT tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau yoov tshaj cum tom qab 24 thiab 72 teev ntawm qhov raug (Table 2). Lub toxicity ntawm cov active noob hmoov nce nrog nce concentration (Fig. 1A, B). Cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov noob zaub mov rau yoov tshaj cum muaj ntau yam sib txawv raws li 95% CI ntawm cov kab mob tuag taus ntawm LC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 24-teev thiab 72-teev kev ntsuam xyuas (Table 3). Tom qab 24 teev, cov nyhuv tshuaj lom ntawm Ls noob zaub mov yog ntau dua li lwm cov kev kho cov noob noj, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws thiab kev ua kom muaj zog tshaj plaws rau cov menyuam mos (LC50 = 0.04 g / 120 ml dH2O). Larvae tsis tshua nkag siab rau DFP ntawm 24 teev piv rau IG, Ls thiab PG noob hmoov kho, nrog LC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.115, 0.04 thiab 0.08 g / 120 ml dH2O feem, uas tau txheeb xyuas ntau dua li LC50 tus nqi. 0.211 g / 120 ml dH2O (Table 3). LC90 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm DFP, IG, PG thiab Ls yog 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 thiab 0.074 g / 120 ml dH2O, raws li (Table 2). Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm DPP yog 0.12 g / 120 ml dH2O. Tom qab 24 teev ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas, qhov nruab nrab larval tuag tsuas yog 12%, thaum qhov nruab nrab ntawm IG thiab PG larvae mus txog 51% thiab 82%, feem. Tom qab 24 teev ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas, qhov nruab nrab larval tuag rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm Ls noob zaub mov kho (0.075 g / 120 ml dH2O) yog 99% (Fig. 1A).
Mortality curves tau kwv yees los ntawm koob tshuaj teb (Probit) ntawm Ae. Egyptian larvae (3rd instar larvae) rau noob zaub mov concentration 24 teev (A) thiab 72 teev (B) tom qab kho. Cov kab dotted sawv cev rau LC50 ntawm kev kho cov noob zaub mov. DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat inactivated Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Kub), Ls Lepidium sativum.
Ntawm 72-teev kev ntsuam xyuas, LC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm DFP, IG thiab PG noob zaub mov yog 0.111, 0.085 thiab 0.051 g / 120 ml dH2O, feem. Yuav luag tag nrho cov larvae raug Ls noob zaub mov tuag tom qab 72 h ntawm qhov raug, yog li cov ntaub ntawv tuag tsis sib haum nrog Probit tsom xam. Piv nrog rau lwm cov noob zaub mov, larvae tsis tshua nkag siab rau DFP cov noob noj zaub mov thiab muaj cov txiaj ntsig LC50 ntau dua (Tables 2 thiab 3). Tom qab 72 teev, LC50 qhov tseem ceeb rau DFP, IG thiab PG cov noob noj zaub mov tau kwv yees li 0.111, 0.085 thiab 0.05 g / 120 ml dH2O, raws li. Tom qab 72 teev ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas, LC90 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm DFP, IG thiab PG noob hmoov yog 0.215, 0.254 thiab 0.138 g / 120 ml dH2O, raws li. Tom qab 72 teev ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas, qhov nruab nrab larval tuag rau DFP, IG thiab PG cov noob noj zaub mov kho ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.12 g / 120 ml dH2O yog 58%, 66% thiab 96%, feem (Fig. 1B). Tom qab kev soj ntsuam 72-teev, PG noob zaub mov tau pom tias muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li IG thiab DFP cov noob zaub mov.
Synthetic isothiocyanates, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) thiab 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) tuaj yeem tua cov yoov tshaj cum. Thaum 24 teev tom qab kev kho mob, BITC muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua rau cov menyuam mos nrog LC50 tus nqi ntawm 5.29 ppm piv rau 19.35 ppm rau AITC thiab 55.41 ppm rau 4-HBITC (Table 4). Piv rau AITC thiab BITC, 4-HBITC muaj cov tshuaj toxicity qis dua thiab ntau dua LC50 tus nqi. Muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm yoov tshaj cum larval toxicity ntawm ob lub isothiocyanates loj (Ls thiab PG) hauv cov zaub mov muaj zog tshaj plaws. Toxicity raws li qhov sib piv ntawm cov tshuaj tuag ntawm LC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm AITC, BITC, thiab 4-HBITC tau pom qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv xws li tias 95% CI ntawm LC50 tus nqi noj tshuaj tuag tsis suav nrog tus nqi ntawm 1 (P = 0.05, Table 4). Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm ob qho tib si BITC thiab AITC tau kwv yees kom tua 100% ntawm cov larvae kuaj (Daim duab 2).
Mortality curves tau kwv yees los ntawm koob tshuaj teb (Probit) ntawm Ae. 24 teev tom qab kev kho mob, Egyptian larvae (3rd instar larvae) tau mus txog hluavtaws isothiocyanate concentrations. Cov kab dotted sawv cev rau LC50 rau kev kho isothiocyanate. Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC thiab 4-HBITC.
Kev siv cov nroj tsuag biopesticides raws li yoov tshaj cum vector tswj cov neeg ua haujlwm tau kawm ntev. Ntau cov nroj tsuag tsim cov tshuaj ntuj uas muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob37. Lawv cov bioactive compounds muab ib qho kev ntxim nyiam rau cov tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws uas muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov kab tsuag, nrog rau yoov tshaj cum.
Mustard nroj tsuag yog zus raws li ib tug qoob loo rau lawv cov noob, siv raws li ib tug txuj lom thiab ib qhov chaw ntawm roj. Thaum cov roj mustard tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov noob los yog thaum cov mustard tau muab rho tawm los siv ua biofuel, 69 cov khoom los ntawm cov khoom yog defatted noob pluas noj. Cov noob zaub mov no khaws ntau yam ntawm nws cov khoom siv biochemical thiab hydrolytic enzymes. Lub toxicity ntawm no noob noj mov yog ntaus nqi rau zus tau tej cov isothiocyanates55,60,61. Isothiocyanates yog tsim los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm glucosinolates los ntawm enzyme myrosinase thaum lub sij hawm hydration ntawm noob zaub mov 38,55,70 thiab paub tias muaj fungicidal, bactericidal, nematicidal thiab insecticidal teebmeem, nrog rau lwm yam khoom xws li tshuaj lom neeg cov teebmeem thiab chemotherapeutic zog61,62, 70. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov nroj tsuag mustard thiab cov noob zaub mov ua tau zoo li fumigants tiv thaiv cov av thiab khaws cia cov zaub mov pests57,59,71,72. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau soj ntsuam cov tshuaj lom ntawm plaub-noob noj mov thiab nws peb cov khoom siv bioactive AITC, BITC, thiab 4-HBITC rau Aedes yoov tshaj cum. Aedes aegypti. Ntxiv cov noob nplej ncaj qha rau cov dej uas muaj yoov tshaj cum yuav tsum ua kom cov txheej txheem enzymatic uas tsim cov isothiocyanates uas muaj tshuaj lom rau yoov tshaj cum. Qhov no biotransformation tau pom nyob rau hauv ib feem los ntawm kev soj ntsuam larvicidal kev ua ntawm cov noob pluas noj thiab poob ntawm insecticidal kev ua si thaum dwarf mustard noob zaub mov raug tshav kub kho ua ntej siv. Kev kho cua sov yuav tsum ua kom puas cov enzymes hydrolytic uas qhib glucosinolates, yog li tiv thaiv kev tsim ntawm bioactive isothiocyanates. Qhov no yog thawj txoj kev tshawb nrhiav kom paub meej tias cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm cov noob qoob loo hmoov tawm tsam yoov tshaj cum nyob hauv ib puag ncig dej.
Ntawm cov noob hmoov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, watercress noob hmoov (Ls) yog cov tshuaj lom tshaj plaws, ua rau muaj kev tuag ntawm Aedes albopictus. Aedes aegypti larvae tau ua tiav tas li rau 24 teev. Qhov seem ntawm peb cov noob hmoov (PG, IG thiab DFP) tau ua haujlwm qeeb dua thiab tseem ua rau muaj kev tuag tseem ceeb tom qab 72 teev ntawm kev kho mob tas li. Tsuas yog Ls noob zaub mov muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm glucosinolates, thaum PG thiab DFP muaj myrosinase thiab IG muaj glucosinolate raws li cov glucosinolate loj (Table 1). Glucotropaeolin yog hydrolyzed rau BITC thiab sinalbine yog hydrolyzed rau 4-HBITC61,62. Peb cov txiaj ntsig bioassay qhia tias ob qho Ls noob pluas noj thiab hluavtaws BITC yog cov tshuaj lom heev rau yoov tshaj cum. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm PG thiab DFP noob zaub mov yog myrosinase glucosinolate, uas yog hydrolyzed rau AITC. AITC muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tua yoov tshaj cum nrog tus nqi LC50 ntawm 19.35 ppm. Piv rau AITC thiab BITC, 4-HBITC isothiocyanate yog qhov tshuaj lom tsawg tshaj plaws rau larvae. Txawm hais tias AITC muaj tshuaj lom tsawg dua li BITC, lawv qhov LC50 qhov tseem ceeb yog qis dua li ntau cov roj tseem ceeb uas tau sim ntawm yoov tshaj cum 32,73,74,75.
Peb cov hmoov nplej cruciferous siv tawm tsam yoov tshaj cum muaj ib qho loj glucosinolate, suav txog ntau dua 98-99% ntawm tag nrho cov glucosinolates raws li kev txiav txim los ntawm HPLC. Cov kab mob ntawm lwm cov glucosinolates tau kuaj pom, tab sis lawv qib qis dua 0.3% ntawm tag nrho cov glucosinolates. Watercress (L. sativum) noob hmoov muaj cov glucosinolates theem nrab (sinigrin), tab sis lawv feem yog 1% ntawm tag nrho cov glucosinolates, thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus tseem tsis tseem ceeb (li 0.4 mg / g noob hmoov). Txawm hais tias PG thiab DFP muaj tib lub ntsiab glucosinolate (myrosin), larvicidal kev ua ntawm lawv cov noob zaub mov txawv heev vim lawv cov nqi LC50. Nws txawv nyob rau hauv toxicity rau powdery mildew. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Aedes aegypti larvae tuaj yeem yog vim qhov sib txawv hauv myrosinase kev ua haujlwm lossis kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ob lub noob pub. Myrosinase kev ua si ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv bioavailability ntawm hydrolysis cov khoom xws li isothiocyanates hauv Brassicaceae nroj tsuag76. Cov ntaub ntawv dhau los los ntawm Pocock et al.77 thiab Wilkinson et al.78 tau qhia tias kev hloov pauv hauv myrosinase kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ruaj ntseg kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog cov caj ces thiab ib puag ncig.
Kev cia siab bioactive isothiocyanate cov ntsiab lus tau suav nrog raws li LC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua cov noob zaub mov ntawm 24 thiab 72 teev (Table 5) rau kev sib piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv siv tshuaj. Tom qab 24 teev, cov isothiocyanates nyob rau hauv cov noob zaub mov muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li cov tshuaj dawb huv. LC50 qhov tseem ceeb xam raws li qhov chaw ib lab (ppm) ntawm isothiocyanate noob kev kho mob qis dua LC50 qhov tseem ceeb rau BITC, AITC, thiab 4-HBITC daim ntawv thov. Peb pom cov larvae noj cov noob noj pellets (Daim duab 3A). Yog li ntawd, larvae tuaj yeem tau txais kev nthuav dav ntxiv rau cov tshuaj lom isothiocyanates los ntawm kev noj cov noob nplej pellets. Qhov no tau pom tseeb tshaj plaws hauv IG thiab PG cov noob zaub mov noj ntawm 24-h raug, qhov twg LC50 concentrations yog 75% thiab 72% qis dua cov kev kho mob AITC thiab 4-HBITC, feem. Ls thiab DFP kev kho mob muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li ntshiab isothiocyanate, nrog rau LC50 qhov tseem ceeb 24% thiab 41% qis dua, feem. Larvae nyob rau hauv kev tswj kev kho mob tau zoo pupated (Daim duab 3B), thaum feem ntau larvae nyob rau hauv cov noob zaub mov kho tsis pupate thiab larval loj hlob qeeb heev (Fig. 3B, D). Hauv Spodopteralitura, isothiocyanates cuam tshuam nrog kev loj hlob qeeb thiab kev loj hlob qeeb79.
Larvae of Ae. Aedes aegypti yoov tshaj cum raug txuas ntxiv mus rau Brassica noob hmoov rau 24-72 teev. (A) Cov larvae tuag nrog cov khoom noj ntawm cov noob noj hauv lub qhov ncauj (circled); (B) Tswj kev kho mob (dH20 yam tsis muaj noob noj ntxiv) qhia tau hais tias larvae loj hlob ib txwm thiab pib pupate tom qab 72 teev (C, D) Larvae kho nrog noob noj; cov noob zaub mov pom qhov sib txawv ntawm kev loj hlob thiab tsis pupate.
Peb tsis tau kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj lom ntawm isothiocyanates ntawm yoov tshaj cum larvae. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los hauv cov ntsaum liab liab (Solenopsis invicta) tau pom tias inhibition ntawm glutathione S-transferase (GST) thiab esterase (EST) yog lub ntsiab ntawm isothiocyanate bioactivity, thiab AITC, txawm tias muaj kev ua haujlwm tsawg, tuaj yeem inhibit GST kev ua haujlwm. . liab ntshua nplaim hluav taws nyob rau hauv tsawg concentrations. Cov koob tshuaj yog 0.5 µg / ml 80. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, AITC inhibits acetylcholinesterase nyob rau hauv cov laus pob kws weevils (Sitophilus zeamais)81. Cov kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws yuav tsum tau ua kom paub meej cov txheej txheem ntawm isothiocyanate kev ua haujlwm hauv yoov tshaj cum.
Peb siv cov kev kho cua sov-inactivated DFP los txhawb cov tswv yim hais tias hydrolysis ntawm cov nroj tsuag glucosinolates los ua reactive isothiocyanates ua ib tug mechanism rau yoov tshaj cum larval tswj los ntawm mustard noob zaub mov. DFP-HT noob zaub mov tsis muaj tshuaj lom ntawm daim ntawv thov nqi kuaj. Lafarga et al. 82 qhia tias glucosinolates rhiab heev rau degradation ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Kev kho cua sov kuj tseem xav kom pom cov enzyme myrosinase hauv cov zaub mov noj thiab tiv thaiv hydrolysis ntawm glucosinolates los tsim cov isothiocyanates reactive. Qhov no kuj tau lees paub los ntawm Okunade li al. 75 tau pom tias myrosinase yog qhov kub thiab txias, qhia tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm myrosinase tau ua tsis tiav thaum mustard, mustard dub, thiab cov noob ntshav tau raug kub siab tshaj 80 °. C. Cov txheej txheem no yuav ua rau poob ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm DFP cov noob zaub mov uas muaj cua sov.
Yog li, mustard noob zaub mov thiab nws peb lub isothiocyanates loj yog tshuaj lom rau yoov tshaj cum. Muab cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov noob zaub mov thiab tshuaj kho mob, kev siv cov noob zaub mov yuav yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo ntawm kev tswj yoov tshaj cum. Yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas cov qauv tsim nyog thiab cov txheej txheem xa khoom zoo los txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thiab ruaj khov ntawm kev siv cov noob hmoov. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias muaj peev xwm siv cov noob txiv ntoo ua zaub mov ua lwm txoj hauv kev siv tshuaj tua kab. Cov tshuab no tuaj yeem dhau los ua ib qho cuab yeej tshiab los tswj cov yoov tshaj cum vectors. Vim tias yoov tshaj cum loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig dej thiab cov noob zaub mov glucosinolates yog enzymatically hloov mus rau active isothiocyanates thaum dej, kev siv cov noob zaub mov hauv dej yoov tshaj cum muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm hais tias larvicidal kev ua ntawm isothiocyanates sib txawv (BITC> AITC> 4-HBITC), xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los txiav txim seb puas sib xyaw cov noob zaub mov nrog ntau yam glucosinolates synergistically toxicity. Qhov no yog thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb los qhia txog cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm defatted cruciferous noob pluas noj thiab peb bioactive isothiocyanates ntawm yoov tshaj cum. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no rhuav tshem cov av tshiab los ntawm kev qhia tias cov zaub mov tsis zoo ntawm cov zaub qhwv zaub mov, cov khoom siv los ntawm cov roj rho tawm los ntawm cov noob, tuaj yeem ua tus neeg sawv cev cog lus rau kev tswj yoov tshaj cum. Cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem pab ntxiv qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov nroj tsuag biocontrol agents thiab lawv txoj kev loj hlob raws li pheej yig, siv tau, thiab ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg biopesticides.
Cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm rau txoj kev tshawb fawb no thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev tshuaj ntsuam tau muaj los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv raws li kev thov tsim nyog. Thaum kawg ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv kev kawm (kab thiab noob zaub mov) raug rhuav tshem.
Post lub sij hawm: Lub Xya hli ntuj-29-2024