Kev nce qib ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid hauv kev sib xyaw tshuaj tua kab

Ua ib qho kev lav phib xaub tseem ceeb rau cov qoob loo ruaj khov thiab zoo, cov tshuaj tua kab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj kab tsuag. Neonicotinoids yog cov tshuaj tua kab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Lawv tau sau npe rau kev siv hauv Suav teb thiab ntau dua 120 lub tebchaws suav nrog European Union, Tebchaws Meskas, thiab Canada. Kev faib ua lag luam suav nrog ntau dua 25% ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws xaiv tswj cov nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) hauv cov kab lub paj hlwb, ua rau lub paj hlwb hauv nruab nrab tsis ua haujlwm thiab ua rau cov kab tuag, thiab muaj cov teebmeem tswj tau zoo rau Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, thiab txawm tias cov kab uas tiv taus. Txij li lub Cuaj Hli 2021, muaj 12 hom tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid uas tau sau npe hauv kuv lub tebchaws, uas yog imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Muaj ntau dua 3,400 hom khoom npaj suav nrog nitrile, piperazine, chlorothiline, cycloploprid thiab fluoropyranone, ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke suav nrog ntau dua 31%. Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram thiab lwm yam.

Nrog rau kev nqis peev loj heev ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid hauv kev ua liaj ua teb ib puag ncig, ntau yam teeb meem kev tshawb fawb xws li kev tiv thaiv lub hom phiaj, kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab kev noj qab haus huv tib neeg kuj tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Xyoo 2018, cov pej xeem ntawm cov kab tsuag paj rwb hauv thaj av Xinjiang tau tsim cov qib nruab nrab thiab siab ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, ntawm cov uas kev tiv thaiv rau imidacloprid, acetamiprid thiab thiamethoxam nce ntxiv los ntawm 85.2-412 zaug thiab 221-777 zaug, feem thiab 122 txog 1,095 zaug. Kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb txog kev tiv thaiv tshuaj ntawm cov pej xeem Bemisia tabaci kuj tau taw qhia tias txij li xyoo 2007 txog 2010, Bemisia tabaci tau qhia txog kev tiv thaiv siab rau cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog imidacloprid thiab thiacloprid. Qhov thib ob, cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau qhov ceev ntawm cov pej xeem, kev noj zaub mov, qhov chaw nyob thiab kev tswj cua sov ntawm cov muv, tab sis kuj muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev loj hlob thiab kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov kab laug sab hauv av. Ntxiv mus, txij xyoo 1994 txog 2011, qhov kev kuaj pom cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid hauv tib neeg cov zis tau nce ntxiv ntau heev, qhia tias kev noj tsis ncaj qha thiab lub cev khaws cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid tau nce ntxiv txhua xyoo. Los ntawm microdialysis hauv lub hlwb nas, nws tau pom tias kev ntxhov siab ntawm clothianidin thiab thiamethoxam tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tso tawm ntawm dopamine hauv nas, thiab thiacloprid tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj hormones thyroid hauv cov ntshav nas. Nws tau xaus lus tias cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev pub niam mis Kev puas tsuaj rau cov hlab ntsha thiab endocrine ntawm cov tsiaj. Kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro ntawm cov hlwb pob txha tib neeg mesenchymal stem cell tau lees paub tias nitenpyram tuaj yeem ua rau DNA puas tsuaj thiab chromosomal aberrations, ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov intracellular reactive oxygen hom, uas ua rau muaj kev sib txawv osteogenic. Raws li qhov no, Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) tau pib rov ntsuam xyuas cov txheej txheem rau qee cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, thiab European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) kuj tau txwv thiab txwv imidacloprid, thiamethoxam thiab clothianidin.

Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sib txawv tsis yog tsuas yog ncua qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm ib lub hom phiaj tshuaj tua kab thiab txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab ua haujlwm, tab sis kuj txo cov tshuaj tua kab thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev raug rau ib puag ncig, muab cov kev cia siab dav dav rau kev txo cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb saum toj no thiab kev siv tshuaj tua kab kom ruaj khov. Yog li ntawd, daim ntawv no lub hom phiaj yog piav qhia txog kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab lwm yam tshuaj tua kab uas siv dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb tiag tiag, suav nrog cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus, cov tshuaj tua kab carbamate, pyrethroids Txhawm rau muab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb rau kev siv thiab kev tswj hwm zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid.

1. Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus

Cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus yog cov tshuaj tua kab uas siv rau kev tswj kab tsuag thaum ntxov hauv kuv lub tebchaws. Lawv tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm acetylcholinesterase thiab cuam tshuam rau kev xa mus rau cov hlwb, ua rau cov kab tsuag tuag. Cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus muaj lub sijhawm ntev, thiab cov teeb meem ntawm kev lom neeg thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu yog qhov tseem ceeb. Kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid tuaj yeem txo cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb saum toj no. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm imidacloprid thiab cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus malathion, chlorpyrifos thiab phoxim yog 1: 40-1: 5, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov leek maggots zoo dua, thiab qhov sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem ncav cuag 122.6-338.6 (saib Rooj 1). . Ntawm lawv, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tswj hwm hauv thaj teb ntawm imidacloprid thiab phoxim ntawm cov aphids rape yog siab txog 90.7% txog 95.3%, thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog ntau dua 7 lub hlis. Tib lub sijhawm, kev npaj tshuaj imidacloprid thiab phoxim (lub npe lag luam ntawm Diphimide) tau siv ntawm 900 g / hm2, thiab cov nyhuv tswj hwm ntawm cov aphids rape hauv tag nrho lub sijhawm loj hlob yog ntau dua 90%. Kev npaj tshuaj thiamethoxam, acephate thiab chlorpyrifos muaj cov tshuaj tua kab zoo tiv thaiv cov zaub qhwv, thiab cov coefficient co-toxicity ncav cuag 131.1 txog 459.0. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum qhov piv ntawm thiamethoxam thiab chlorpyrifos yog 1:16, qhov concentration ib nrab-tuag (LC50 tus nqi) rau S. striatellus yog 8.0 mg / L, thiab cov coefficient co-toxicity yog 201.12; Cov nyhuv zoo heev. Thaum qhov piv ntawm nitenpyram thiab chlorpyrifos yog 1:30, nws muaj cov nyhuv synergistic zoo rau kev tswj hwm cov kab laug sab dawb, thiab tus nqi LC50 tsuas yog 1.3 mg / L. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, thiab dichlorvos muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev tswj cov kab aphids nplej, paj rwb bollworm thiab flea beetle, thiab cov coefficient co-toxicity yog 134.0-280.0. Thaum fluoropyranone thiab phoxim tau sib xyaw ua ke hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 1: 4, cov coefficient co-toxicity yog 176.8, uas qhia tau tias muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev tswj cov leek maggots 4-xyoo.

Hauv kev xaus lus, cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid feem ntau yog sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus xws li malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, thiab lwm yam. Kev tswj hwm zoo dua, thiab qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig ecological txo qis. Nws raug pom zoo kom txhim kho kev npaj tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, phoxim thiab malathion, thiab ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig tswj hwm ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw.

2 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab carbamate

Cov tshuaj tua kab Carbamate siv dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, kev cog ntoo, thiab kev yug tsiaj los ntawm kev txwv tsis pub cov kab acetylcholinease thiab carboxylesterase ua haujlwm, ua rau muaj acetylcholine thiab carboxylesterase sib sau ua ke thiab tua kab. Lub sijhawm luv luv, thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag yog qhov loj heev. Lub sijhawm siv cov tshuaj tua kab carbamate tuaj yeem ntev dua los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid. Thaum imidacloprid thiab isoprocarb tau siv los tswj cov kab laug sab dawb ntawm qhov piv ntawm 7:400, tus lej sib xyaw ua ke tau mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws, uas yog 638.1 (saib Rooj 1). Thaum tus lej sib xyaw ua ke ntawm imidacloprid thiab iprocarb yog 1:16, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tswj cov kab laug sab mov yog qhov pom tseeb tshaj plaws, tus lej sib xyaw ua ke yog 178.1, thiab lub sijhawm ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntev dua li ntawm ib koob tshuaj. Txoj kev tshawb fawb kuj qhia tau tias 13% microencapsulated suspension ntawm thiamethoxam thiab carbosulfan muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb rau cov aphids nplej hauv daim teb. d nce ntxiv los ntawm 97.7% mus rau 98.6%. Tom qab 48% acetamiprid thiab carbosulfan dispersible roj suspension tau siv ntawm 36 ～ 60 g ai / hm2, qhov cuam tshuam tswj hwm ntawm paj rwb aphids yog 87.1% ～ 96.9%, thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ncav cuag 14 hnub, thiab paj rwb Aphid cov yeeb ncuab ntuj muaj kev nyab xeeb.

Hauv kev xaus lus, cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid feem ntau yog sib xyaw nrog isoprocarb, carbosulfan, thiab lwm yam, uas tuaj yeem ncua qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov kab tsuag xws li Bemisia tabaci thiab aphids, thiab tuaj yeem ua kom lub sijhawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntev dua. , qhov kev tswj hwm ntawm kev npaj tshuaj sib xyaw zoo dua li ntawm ib tus neeg sawv cev, thiab nws tau siv dav hauv kev tsim khoom ua liaj ua teb tiag tiag. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog carbosulfur, cov khoom puas tsuaj ntawm carbosulfan, uas muaj tshuaj lom heev thiab tau raug txwv tsis pub siv hauv kev cog zaub.

3. Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid

Cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid ua rau muaj teeb meem ntawm kev xa xov mus rau cov hlab ntsha los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov sodium ion channel hauv cov hlab ntsha, uas ua rau cov kab tsuag tuag. Vim yog kev nqis peev ntau dhau, kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom thiab kev zom zaub mov ntawm cov kab tsuag tau txhim kho, kev nkag siab ntawm lub hom phiaj tau txo qis, thiab kev tiv thaiv tshuaj tau yooj yim tsim. Rooj 1 taw qhia tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm imidacloprid thiab fenvalerate muaj kev tswj hwm zoo dua ntawm cov kab laug sab qos yaj ywm, thiab qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm 2: 3 piv txog 276.8. Kev npaj sib xyaw ua ke ntawm imidacloprid, thiamethoxam thiab etherethrin yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv kev ntws ntawm cov kab laug sab xim av, qhov twg imidacloprid thiab etherethrin zoo tshaj plaws sib xyaw ua ke hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 5: 1, thiamethoxam thiab etherethrin hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 7: 1 Kev sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm 174.3-188.7. Cov tshuaj microcapsule suspension compound ntawm 13% thiamethoxam thiab 9% beta-cyhalothrin muaj cov nyhuv synergistic tseem ceeb, thiab cov coefficient co-toxicity yog 232, uas yog nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 123.6- Hauv qhov ntau ntawm 169.5 g / hm2, cov nyhuv tswj hwm ntawm cov aphids luam yeeb tuaj yeem ncav cuag 90%, thiab nws yog cov tshuaj tua kab tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov kab tsuag luam yeeb. Thaum clothianidin thiab beta-cyhalothrin tau sib xyaw ntawm qhov piv ntawm 1: 9, cov coefficient co-toxicity rau flea beetle yog qhov siab tshaj plaws (210.5), uas ncua qhov tshwm sim ntawm clothianidin tsis kam. Thaum cov piv ntawm acetamiprid rau bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin thiab fenvalerate yog 1: 2, 1: 4 thiab 1: 4, cov coefficient co-toxicity yog qhov siab tshaj plaws, xws li 409.0 txog 630.6. Thaum cov piv ntawm thiamethoxam: bifenthrin, nitenpyram: beta-cyhalothrin yog 5: 1, cov coefficients co-toxicity yog 414.0 thiab 706.0, raws li, thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov aphids yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Cov nyhuv tswj ntawm clothianidin thiab beta-cyhalothrin sib xyaw (LC50 tus nqi 1.4-4.1 mg / L) ntawm melon aphid yog siab dua li ntawm ib tus neeg sawv cev (LC50 tus nqi 42.7 mg / L), thiab cov nyhuv tswj ntawm 7 hnub tom qab kev kho mob siab dua 92%.

Tam sim no, cov thev naus laus zis sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid tau loj hlob tuaj lawm, thiab nws tau siv dav hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab mob thiab cov kab tsuag hauv kuv lub tebchaws, uas ncua qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid thiab txo cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid. Cov seem ntau thiab cov tshuaj lom tawm ntawm lub hom phiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid nrog deltamethrin, butoxide, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem tswj Aedes aegypti thiab Anopheles gambiae, uas tiv taus cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid, thiab muab kev taw qhia rau kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab tsuag huv thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov tseem ceeb.
4 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab amide

Cov tshuaj tua kab amide feem ntau tiv thaiv cov ntses nitin receptors ntawm cov kab, ua rau cov kab txuas ntxiv mus cog lus thiab tawv lawv cov leeg thiab tuag. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab lawv cov kev sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem txo qhov kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag thiab ua kom lawv lub neej ntev dua. Rau kev tswj cov kab tsuag, tus coefficient co-toxicity yog 121.0 txog 183.0 (saib Rooj 2). Thaum thiamethoxam thiab chlorantraniliprole tau sib xyaw nrog 15∶11 los tswj cov kab menyuam ntawm B. citricarpa, tus coefficient co-toxicity siab tshaj plaws yog 157.9; thiamethoxam, clothianidin thiab nitenpyram tau sib xyaw nrog snailamide Thaum qhov piv yog 10: 1, tus coefficient co-toxicity ncav cuag 170.2-194.1, thiab thaum qhov piv ntawm dinotefuran thiab spirulina yog 1: 1, tus coefficient co-toxicity yog qhov siab tshaj plaws, thiab cov nyhuv tswj hwm ntawm N. lugens yog qhov zoo kawg nkaus. Thaum cov piv ntawm imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran thiab sflufenamid yog 5: 1, 5: 1, 1: 5 thiab 10: 1, raws li, qhov cuam tshuam tswj tau zoo tshaj plaws, thiab cov coefficient co-toxicity yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Lawv yog 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 thiab 403.8, raws li. Qhov cuam tshuam tswj tau tawm tsam paj rwb aphid (7 hnub) tuaj yeem ncav cuag 92.4% txog 98.1%, thiab qhov cuam tshuam tswj tau tawm tsam diamondback moth (7 hnub) tuaj yeem ncav cuag 91.9% txog 96.8%, thiab qhov muaj peev xwm siv tau yog loj heev.

Hauv kev xaus lus, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab amide tsis yog tsuas yog txo qhov kev tiv thaiv tshuaj ntawm cov kab tsuag xwb, tab sis kuj txo qhov kev siv tshuaj, txo cov nqi kev lag luam, thiab txhawb kev loj hlob sib xws nrog ib puag ncig ecosystem. Cov tshuaj tua kab amide yog cov tshuaj tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov kab tsuag tiv thaiv, thiab muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau qee cov tshuaj tua kab uas muaj tshuaj lom ntau thiab lub sijhawm ntev. Kev faib ua lag luam maj mam nce ntxiv, thiab lawv muaj kev cia siab dav hauv kev tsim khoom ua liaj ua teb tiag tiag.

5 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab benzoylurea

Cov tshuaj tua kab Benzoylurea yog cov tshuaj chitinase synthesis inhibitors, uas ua rau cov kab tsuag puas tsuaj los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob ib txwm muaj. Nws tsis yooj yim los tsim kev tiv thaiv hla nrog lwm hom tshuaj tua kab, thiab tuaj yeem tswj tau cov kab tsuag uas tiv taus cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus thiab pyrethroid. Nws yog siv dav hauv cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Rooj 2: kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm imidacloprid, thiamethoxam thiab diflubenzuron muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev tswj cov kab laug sab leek, thiab qhov cuam tshuam yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum thiamethoxam thiab diflubenzuron sib xyaw ua ke ntawm 5: 1. Tus yam tshuaj lom yog siab txog 207.4. Thaum qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm clothianidin thiab flufenoxuron yog 2: 1, tus lej sib xyaw ua ke tawm tsam cov kab laug sab ntawm cov kab laug sab leek yog 176.5, thiab qhov cuam tshuam tswj hauv daim teb tau txog 94.4%. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cyclofenapyr thiab ntau yam tshuaj tua kab benzoylurea xws li polyflubenzuron thiab flufenoxuron muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm npauj npaim diamondback thiab cov nplooj mov dov, nrog rau cov coefficient co-toxicity ntawm 100.7 txog 228.9, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov kev nqis peev ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab.

Piv nrog cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus thiab pyrethroid, kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab cov tshuaj tua kab benzoylurea ua ke zoo dua nrog lub tswv yim kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab ntsuab, uas tuaj yeem nthuav dav cov kev tswj hwm thiab txo cov tshuaj tua kab. Ib puag ncig ecological kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb dua.

6 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab necrotoxin

Cov tshuaj tua kab Neretoxin yog cov tshuaj nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, uas tuaj yeem ua rau kab lom thiab tuag los ntawm kev txwv tsis pub xa cov neurotransmitters. Vim nws siv dav, tsis muaj kev nqus thiab fumigation, nws yooj yim los tsim kev tiv thaiv. Cov nyhuv tswj ntawm cov kab laum qia thiab cov kab laum peb ceg uas tau tsim kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid yog qhov zoo. Rooj 2 taw qhia: thaum imidacloprid thiab cov tshuaj tua kab ib leeg tau sib xyaw ua ke hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 2:68, cov nyhuv tswj ntawm cov kab tsuag ntawm Diploxin yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab cov coefficient co-toxicity yog 146.7. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm thiamethoxam thiab cov tshuaj tua kab ib leeg yog 1:1, muaj cov nyhuv synergistic tseem ceeb rau cov aphids pob kws, thiab cov coefficient co-toxicity yog 214.2. Qhov kev tswj hwm ntawm 40% thiamethoxam·insecticide ib leeg tseem siab txog hnub 15 93.0% ～ 97.0%, qhov cuam tshuam ntev, thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm pob kws. 50% imidacloprid·insecticide ring soluble hmoov muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo heev rau cov npauj npaim apple golden stripe, thiab qhov cuam tshuam tswj hwm yog siab txog 79.8% txog 91.7% 15 hnub tom qab kab tsuag tawg paj tag.

Ua ib yam tshuaj tua kab uas kuv lub teb chaws tsim tawm, nws ua rau cov nyom tsis haum, uas ua rau nws siv tsis tau rau qee yam. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab necrotoxin thiab cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid muab ntau txoj kev daws teeb meem rau kev tswj cov kab tsuag hauv kev tsim khoom tiag tiag, thiab kuj yog ib qho piv txwv zoo rau kev siv tshuaj tua kab.

7 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab heterocyclic

Cov tshuaj tua kab heterocyclic yog cov tshuaj tua kab organic siv ntau tshaj plaws thiab muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj lub sijhawm ntev nyob hauv ib puag ncig thiab nyuaj rau decompose. Kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid tuaj yeem txo qhov koob tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab heterocyclic thiab txo phytotoxicity, thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tsawg-koob tshuaj tuaj yeem ua si synergistic effect. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Rooj 3: thaum qhov sib piv ntawm imidacloprid thiab pymetrozine yog 1: 3, tus coefficient co-toxicity ncav cuag qhov siab tshaj plaws 616.2; Kev tswj hwm Planthopper yog ob qho tib si ua haujlwm sai thiab kav ntev. Imidacloprid, dinotefuran thiab thiacloprid tau ua ke nrog mesylconazole feem los tswj cov kab laug sab ntawm cov kab laug sab dub loj, cov kab laug sab ntawm cov kab txiav me me, thiab cov kab laug sab. Thiacloprid, nitenpyram thiab chlorothiline feem tau ua ke nrog Kev sib xyaw ntawm mesylconazole muaj kev tswj hwm zoo heev rau cov kab laug sab citrus. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm 7 hom tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid xws li imidacloprid, thiamethoxam thiab chlorfenapyr muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tswj cov kab laug sab. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm thiamethoxam thiab fipronil yog 2: 1-71: 1, tus coefficient co-toxicity yog 152.2-519.2, qhov sib piv ntawm thiamethoxam thiab chlorfenapyr yog 217: 1, thiab tus coefficient co-toxicity yog 857.4, muaj kev tswj hwm pom tseeb ntawm cov kab ntsaum. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm thiamethoxam thiab fipronil ua tus neeg sawv cev kho noob tuaj yeem txo qhov ceev ntawm cov kab tsuag nplej hauv daim teb thiab tiv thaiv cov noob qoob loo thiab cov noob cog qoob loo. Thaum qhov sib piv sib xyaw ntawm acetamiprid thiab fipronil yog 1:10, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kab tsuag hauv tsev uas tiv taus tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Hauv kev xaus, cov tshuaj tua kab heterocyclic feem ntau yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob, suav nrog pyridines, pyrroles thiab pyrazoles. Nws feem ntau siv rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb los hnav cov noob, txhim kho qhov nrawm ntawm kev tawg, thiab txo cov kab tsuag thiab kab mob. Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb rau cov qoob loo thiab cov kab mob uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj. Cov tshuaj tua kab heterocyclic, ua cov tshuaj ua ke rau kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab tsuag thiab kab mob, muaj lub luag haujlwm zoo hauv kev txhawb nqa kev txhim kho kev ua liaj ua teb ntsuab, qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm kev txuag lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm, kev lag luam thiab kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev tsim khoom.

8 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv kev ua liaj ua teb

Cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua liaj ua teb qeeb qeeb, muaj lub sijhawm luv luv, thiab raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ib puag ncig. Los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, lawv tuaj yeem ua si zoo synergistic effect, nthuav dav spectrum tswj, thiab tseem ua kom ntev lub zog thiab txhim kho kev ruaj khov. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Rooj 3 tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm imidacloprid thiab Beauveria bassiana lossis Metarhizium anisopliae ua rau muaj kev tua kab ntau ntxiv los ntawm 60.0% thiab 50.6% feem tom qab 96 teev piv nrog kev siv Beauveria bassiana thiab Metarhizium anisopliae ib leeg. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm thiamethoxam thiab Metarhizium anisopliae tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tuag tag nrho thiab tus nqi kis kab mob fungal ntawm cov kab hauv txaj. Qhov thib ob, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm imidacloprid thiab Metarhizium anisopliae muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo rau kev tswj cov kab laug sab ntev, txawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm cov kab laug sab tau txo qis. Kev siv imidacloprid thiab nematodes sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem ua rau tus kab mob ntawm cov kab xuab zeb nce ntxiv, yog li ntawd lawv thiaj li ua rau lawv nyob ntev hauv thaj teb thiab muaj peev xwm tswj tau kab mob. Kev siv 7 hom tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab oxymatrine ua ke muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tswj cov kab tsuag hauv cov nplej, thiab tus nqi co-toxicity yog 123.2-173.0. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi co-toxicity ntawm clothianidin thiab abamectin hauv 4:1 sib xyaw rau Bemisia tabaci yog 171.3, thiab kev sib koom ua ke yog qhov tseem ceeb. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm nitenpyram thiab abamectin yog 1:4, qhov cuam tshuam tswj ntawm N. lugens rau 7 hnub tuaj yeem ncav cuag 93.1%. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm clothianidin rau spinosad yog 5∶44, qhov cuam tshuam tswj tau zoo tshaj plaws tawm tsam B. citricarpa cov neeg laus, nrog tus nqi co-toxicity ntawm 169.8, thiab tsis muaj kev sib tshuam ntawm spinosad thiab feem ntau cov neonicotinoids tau pom tias Tiv taus, ua ke nrog cov txiaj ntsig tswj tau zoo.

Kev sib koom ua ke tswj cov tshuaj tua kab yog qhov chaw kub hauv kev txhim kho kev ua liaj ua teb ntsuab. Cov tshuaj Beauveria bassiana thiab Metarhizium anisopliae muaj cov teebmeem tswj tau zoo nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg. Ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim cuam tshuam los ntawm huab cua, thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig tsis ruaj khov. Kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid kov yeej qhov tsis zoo no. Thaum txo cov tshuaj lom neeg, nws ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm sai thiab kav ntev ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw. Kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tswj hwm tau nthuav dav, thiab lub nra hnyav ntawm ib puag ncig tau txo qis. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab thiab cov tshuaj tua kab muab lub tswv yim tshiab rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab ntsuab, thiab qhov kev cia siab ntawm daim ntawv thov yog loj heev.

9 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj tua kab

Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab lwm yam tshuaj tua kab kuj tau qhia txog kev tswj hwm zoo heev. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Rooj 3 tias thaum imidacloprid thiab thiamethoxam tau sib xyaw nrog tebuconazole ua cov neeg sawv cev kho noob, cov teebmeem tswj hwm ntawm cov kab laum nplej tau zoo heev, thiab tsis yog lub hom phiaj Biosafety thaum txhim kho cov noob germination. Kev npaj sib xyaw ntawm imidacloprid, triazolone thiab dinconazole tau qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tswj hwm cov kab mob nplej thiab cov kab tsuag. % ～ 99.1%. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab syringostrobin (1∶20 ～ 20∶1) muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kab laum paj rwb. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram thiab penpyramid yog 50: 1-1: 50, tus lej co-toxicity yog 129.0-186.0, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab tsuag qhov ncauj uas nqus tau. Thaum qhov piv ntawm epoxifen thiab phenoxycarb yog 1: 4, tus coefficient co-toxicity yog 250.0, thiab qhov cuam tshuam tswj hwm ntawm cov kab tsuag mov yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm imidacloprid thiab amitimidine muaj qhov cuam tshuam inhibitory pom tseeb rau paj rwb aphid, thiab qhov sib koom ua ke yog qhov siab tshaj plaws thaum imidacloprid yog qhov koob tshuaj qis tshaj plaws ntawm LC10. Thaum qhov piv ntawm pawg ntawm thiamethoxam thiab spirotetramat yog 10: 30-30: 10, tus coefficient co-toxicity yog 109.8-246.5, thiab tsis muaj phytotoxic nyhuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tua kab roj av xws li cov nyom ntsuab, diatomaceous av thiab lwm yam tshuaj tua kab lossis adjuvants ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov cuam tshuam tswj hwm ntawm cov kab tsuag.

Kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab sib xyaw ua ke feem ntau suav nrog triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidines, amitraz, quaternary keto acids, cov roj av thiab diatomaceous earth, thiab lwm yam. Thaum tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab, peb yuav tsum ceev faj txog qhov teeb meem ntawm phytotoxicity thiab txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ntau hom tshuaj tua kab sib txawv. Cov piv txwv sib xyaw kuj qhia tau tias ntau hom tshuaj tua kab tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, muab ntau txoj kev xaiv rau kev tswj kab tsuag.

10 Xaus Lus thiab Kev Cia Siab

Kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid dav dav ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau ntxiv ntawm cov kab tsuag, thiab lawv cov teeb meem ecological thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tau dhau los ua qhov chaw tshawb fawb thiab kev nyuaj rau kev siv. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sib txawv lossis kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab synergistic yog ib qho tseem ceeb los ncua kev tiv thaiv tshuaj, txo kev siv thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab tseem yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb rau kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab no hauv kev ua liaj ua teb tiag tiag. Daim ntawv no tshuaj xyuas kev nce qib ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid ua ke nrog lwm hom tshuaj tua kab, thiab piav qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab: ① ncua kev tiv thaiv tshuaj; ② txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig tswj hwm; ③ nthuav dav spectrum tswj hwm; ④ txhim kho lub sijhawm ntawm cov txiaj ntsig; ⑤ txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig sai ⑥ Tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov qoob loo; ⑦ Txo kev siv tshuaj tua kab; ⑧ Txhim kho cov kev pheej hmoo ib puag ncig; ⑨ Txo cov nqi kev lag luam; ⑩ Txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab. Tib lub sijhawm, yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kab mob uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj (piv txwv li, cov yeeb ncuab ntuj ntawm cov kab tsuag) thiab cov qoob loo rhiab heev ntawm ntau theem kev loj hlob, nrog rau cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb xws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov teebmeem tswj hwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab. Kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab ib txwm siv sijhawm thiab siv zog ntau, nrog rau cov nqi siab thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho ntev. Raws li lwm txoj hauv kev zoo, kev sib xyaw cov tshuaj tua kab, nws cov kev siv tshuaj tua kab, nws cov kev siv uas muaj laj thawj, kev tshawb fawb thiab tus qauv tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom lub voj voog siv cov tshuaj tua kab ntev dua, tab sis kuj txhawb nqa lub voj voog zoo ntawm kev tswj kab tsuag. Kev txhim kho ruaj khov ntawm ib puag ncig ecological muab kev txhawb nqa zoo.