Raws li qhov tseem ceeb lav rau cov qoob loo ruaj khov thiab cov qoob loo, cov tshuaj tua kab tshuaj ua si lub luag haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv kev tswj kab tsuag. Neonicotinoids yog cov tshuaj tua kab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Lawv tau sau npe siv hauv Suav teb thiab ntau dua 120 lub tebchaws suav nrog European Union, Tebchaws Meskas, thiab Canada. Kev lag luam koom nrog ntau dua 25% ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws xaiv tswj nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) nyob rau hauv kab paj hlwb, ua rau lub hauv paus paj hlwb tuag tes tuag taw thiab ua rau kab tuag, thiab muaj kev tswj zoo heev ntawm Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, thiab txawm tiv thaiv kab tsuag. Raws li lub Cuaj Hlis 2021, muaj 12 cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid sau npe hauv kuv lub tebchaws, xws li imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Muaj ntau tshaj 3,400 hom tshuaj yeeb tshuaj, cov khoom siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw, thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw, suav nrog cov tshuaj nitroplopridine, thiab lwm yam. fluoropyranone, ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke suav nrog ntau dua 31%. Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram thiab lwm yam.
Nrog rau kev nqis peev loj txuas ntxiv ntawm neonicotinoid insecticides hauv thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb ecological, cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb xws li lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv, ecological txaus ntshai, thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv kuj tau ua qhov tseem ceeb. Hauv xyoo 2018, cov paj rwb aphid teb cov pej xeem hauv cheeb tsam Xinjiang tau tsim muaj nruab nrab thiab siab tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv imidacloprid, acetamiprid thiab thiamethoxam tau nce los ntawm 85.2-412 zaug thiab 221-777 zaug, feem thiab 125 zaug rau 125 zaug. . Cov kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Bemisia tabaci cov pej xeem kuj tau taw qhia tias txij xyoo 2007 txog 2010, Bemisia tabaci tau pom muaj kev tiv thaiv siab rau cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog imidacloprid thiab thiacloprid. Qhov thib ob, cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam loj rau cov pej xeem ceev, noj tus cwj pwm, spatial dynamics thiab thermoregulation ntawm muv, tab sis kuj muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, txij xyoo 1994 txog rau xyoo 2011, kev tshawb pom tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid hauv tib neeg cov zis tau nce ntxiv, qhia tau hais tias kev noj tsis ncaj thiab lub cev ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid nce xyoo los ntawm xyoo. Los ntawm microdialysis nyob rau hauv nas hlwb, nws tau pom tias clothianidin thiab thiamethoxam kev nyuaj siab tuaj yeem ua rau kev tso tawm ntawm dopamine hauv nas, thiab thiacloprid tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nce qib ntawm cov thyroid hormone ntau ntau hauv cov plasma nas. Nws yog inferred tias cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lactation Kev puas tsuaj rau lub paj hlwb thiab endocrine ntawm cov tsiaj. Kev kawm hauv vitro qauv ntawm tib neeg cov pob txha pob txha mesenchymal qia hlwb tau lees paub tias nitenpyram tuaj yeem ua rau DNA puas thiab chromosomal aberrations, uas ua rau muaj kev nce ntawm intracellular reactive oxygen hom, uas nyob rau hauv lem cuam tshuam rau kev sib txawv osteogenic. Raws li qhov no, Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) tau pib ua cov txheej txheem rov ntsuas dua rau qee cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, thiab European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) kuj tau txwv thiab txwv imidacloprid, thiamethoxam thiab clothianidin.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sib txawv tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog ncua kev tiv thaiv ntawm ib lub hom phiaj tshuaj tua kab thiab txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab, tab sis kuj txo cov tshuaj tua kab thiab txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib puag ncig, muab kev cia siab dav rau kev txo cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb saum toj no thiab cov kev siv tshuaj tua kab kom ruaj khov. Yog li ntawd, daim ntawv no yog lub hom phiaj los piav qhia txog kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab lwm yam tshuaj tua kab uas tau siv dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb tiag tiag, npog cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus, tshuaj tua kab carbamate, pyrethroids txhawm rau muab kev tshawb fawb siv rau kev siv thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo ntawm neonicotinoid. tshuaj tua kab.
1 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus
Cov tshuaj tua kab Organophosphorus yog cov tshuaj tua kab uas raug tshuaj tua kab thaum ntxov hauv kuv lub tebchaws. Lawv inhibit qhov kev ua ntawm acetylcholinesterase thiab cuam tshuam rau ib txwm neurotransmission, ua rau cov kab tsuag tuag. Cov tshuaj tua kab Organophosphorus muaj lub sijhawm ntev, thiab cov teeb meem ntawm ecological toxicity thiab tib neeg thiab tsiaj muaj kev nyab xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb. Kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid tuaj yeem txo cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb saum toj no. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm imidacloprid thiab cov tshuaj organophosphorus raug tshuaj tua kab malathion, chlorpyrifos thiab phoxim yog 1:40-1:5, kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm leek maggots zoo dua, thiab cov co-toxicity coefficient tuaj yeem ncav cuag 122.6-338.6 (saib Table 1). . Ntawm lawv, thaj chaw tswj cov nyhuv ntawm imidacloprid thiab phoxim ntawm rape aphids yog siab li 90.7% mus rau 95.3%, thiab lub sij hawm zoo yog ntau tshaj 7 lub hlis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm imidacloprid thiab phoxim (lub npe lag luam ntawm Diphimide) tau siv ntawm 900 g / h2, thiab kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm rape aphids nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub sij hawm loj hlob yog ntau tshaj 90%. Kev npaj ua ke ntawm thiamethoxam, acephate thiab chlorpyrifos muaj cov tshuaj tua kab zoo tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab cov co-toxicity coefficient nce mus txog 131.1 txog 459.0. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum qhov piv ntawm thiamethoxam thiab chlorpyrifos yog 1:16, ib nrab-txiav concentration (LC50 tus nqi) rau S. striatellus yog 8.0 mg / L, thiab co-toxicity coefficient yog 201.12; Cov nyhuv zoo heev. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm nitenpyram thiab chlorpyrifos yog 1∶30, nws muaj kev sib koom ua ke zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag dawb, thiab LC50 tus nqi tsuas yog 1.3 mg / L. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, thiab dichlorvos muaj kev sib koom ua ke zoo ntawm kev tswj cov nplej aphids, paj rwb bollworm thiab flea beetle, thiab co-toxicity coefficient yog 134.0-280.0. Thaum fluoropyranone thiab phoxim tau sib xyaw hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 1: 4, co-toxicity coefficient yog 176.8, uas pom tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tswj hwm ntawm 4-xyoo-laus leek maggots.
Txhawm rau ua kom tiav, cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid feem ntau ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus xws li malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, thiab lwm yam. Cov kev tswj tau zoo dua qub, thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm ecological ib puag ncig zoo txo. Nws raug nquahu kom txhim kho qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm neonicotinoid insecticides, phoxim thiab malathion, thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev tswj kom zoo ntawm kev npaj sib xyaw.
2 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab carbamate
Cov tshuaj tua kab carbamate tau siv dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, hav zoov, thiab kev ua liaj ua teb tsiaj los ntawm inhibiting cov dej num ntawm kab acetylcholinease thiab carboxylesterase, uas ua rau muaj cov acetylcholine thiab carboxylesterase thiab tua kab. Lub sijhawm luv luv, thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob loj heev. Lub sijhawm siv cov tshuaj tua kab carbamate tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid. Thaum imidacloprid thiab isoprocarb tau siv rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag dawb-rov qab ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm 7: 400, cov co-toxicity coefficient mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws, uas yog 638.1 (saib Table 1). Thaum qhov piv ntawm imidacloprid thiab iprocarb yog 1∶16, cov nyhuv ntawm kev tswj cov qoob loo cog qoob loo yog qhov pom tseeb tshaj plaws, cov co-toxicity coefficient yog 178.1, thiab lub sijhawm ntawm cov nyhuv yog ntev dua li ntawm ib koob. Txoj kev tshawb no tseem qhia tau hais tias 13% microencapsulated ncua kev kawm ntawm thiamethoxam thiab carbosulfan muaj kev tswj zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov nplej aphids hauv thaj teb. d nce los ntawm 97.7% mus rau 98.6%. Tom qab 48% acetamiprid thiab carbosulfan dispersible roj raug tshem tawm tau thov ntawm 36 ~ 60 g ai / hm2, kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm paj rwb aphids yog 87.1% ~ 96.9%, thiab lub sij hawm zoo tuaj yeem ncav cuag 14 hnub, thiab paj rwb Aphid cov yeeb ncuab ntuj muaj kev nyab xeeb. .
Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid feem ntau yog sib xyaw nrog isoprocarb, carbosulfan, thiab lwm yam, uas tuaj yeem ncua kev tiv thaiv kab mob xws li Bemisia tabaci thiab aphids, thiab tuaj yeem ua kom ntev ntev ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab. , kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm kev npaj compound yog qhov zoo dua li ntawm ib tus neeg sawv cev, thiab nws tau siv dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb tiag tiag. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog carbosulfur, cov khoom degradation ntawm carbosulfan, uas yog tshuaj lom heev thiab tau raug txwv hauv kev cog qoob loo.
3 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid
Pyrethroid insecticides ua rau cov kab mob neurotransmission cuam tshuam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov sodium ion channel hauv cov paj hlwb, uas ua rau cov kab tsuag tuag. Vim muaj kev nqis peev ntau dhau, kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom thiab cov metabolism hauv cov kab tsuag muaj peev xwm txhim kho, lub hom phiaj rhiab heev yog txo, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau yooj yim tsim. Table 1 taw qhia tias kev sib xyaw ntawm imidacloprid thiab fenvalerate muaj kev tswj xyuas zoo dua ntawm qos aphid, thiab cov co-toxicity coefficient ntawm 2: 3 piv txog 276.8. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm imidacloprid, thiamethoxam thiab etherethrin yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv dej nyab ntawm cov neeg cog qoob loo xim av, qhov twg imidacloprid thiab etherethrin yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws sib xyaw hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 5: 1, thiamethoxam thiab etherethrin hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 7: 1 Qhov sib tov yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab cov co-toxicity coefficient yog 174.3-188.7. Lub microcapsule suspension compound ntawm 13% thiamethoxam thiab 9% beta-cyhalothrin muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb, thiab cov co-toxicity coefficient yog 232, uas yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 123.6- Nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 169.5 g / hm2, kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm haus luam yeeb aphids tuaj yeem ncav cuag 90%, thiab nws yog cov tshuaj tua kab tseem ceeb rau kev tswj ntawm luam yeeb kab. Thaum clothianidin thiab beta-cyhalothrin tau sib xyaw ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm 1: 9, co-toxicity coefficient rau dev mub yog qhov siab tshaj (210.5), uas ncua qhov tshwm sim ntawm clothianidin tsis kam. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm acetamiprid rau bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin thiab fenvalerate yog 1: 2, 1: 4 thiab 1: 4, co-toxicity coefficient yog siab tshaj, xws li 409.0 txog 630.6. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm thiamethoxam: bifenthrin, nitenpyram: beta-cyhalothrin yog tag nrho 5: 1, cov co-toxicity coefficients yog 414.0 thiab 706.0, raws li, thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj aphids yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm clothianidin thiab beta-cyhalothrin sib tov (LC50 tus nqi 1.4-4.1 mg / L) ntawm melon aphid tau nce siab dua li ntawm ib tus neeg sawv cev (LC50 tus nqi 42.7 mg / L), thiab tswj cov nyhuv ntawm 7 hnub tom qab kev kho mob. siab dua 92%.
Tam sim no, cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid yog cov paub tab, thiab nws tau siv dav hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab mob thiab kab tsuag hauv kuv lub teb chaws, uas ncua sij hawm lub hom phiaj ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid thiab txo cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid. siab residual thiab off-target toxicity. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid nrog deltamethrin, butoxide, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem tswj tau Aedes aegypti thiab Anopheles gambiae, uas tiv taus cov tshuaj tua kab pyrethroid, thiab muab kev taw qhia rau kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab mob huv thoob ntiaj teb. qhov tseem ceeb.
4 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab amide
Amide insecticides feem ntau inhibit cov ntses nitin receptors ntawm cov kab, ua rau cov kab txuas ntxiv mus txuas ntxiv thiab ua kom lawv cov leeg thiab tuag. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab lawv cov kev sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem txo cov kab tsuag thiab ua kom lawv lub neej ntev. Rau kev tswj cov kab tsuag, qhov co-toxicity coefficient yog 121.0 txog 183.0 (saib Table 2). Thaum thiamethoxam thiab chlorantraniliprole tau tov nrog 15∶11 los tswj cov larvae ntawm B. citricarpa, qhov siab tshaj plaws co-toxicity coefficient yog 157.9; thiamethoxam, clothianidin thiab nitenpyram tau tov nrog snailamide Thaum qhov sib piv yog 10: 1, co-toxicity coefficient mus txog 170.2-194.1, thiab thaum qhov piv ntawm dinotefuran thiab spirulina yog 1: 1, co-toxicity coefficient yog siab tshaj, thiab Kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm N. lugens tau zoo kawg li. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran thiab sflufenamid yog 5: 1, 5: 1, 1: 5 thiab 10: 1, raws li, kev tswj cov nyhuv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab cov co-toxicity coefficient yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Lawv yog 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 thiab 403.8, feem. Kev tswj cov nyhuv tawm tsam paj rwb aphid (7 hnub) tuaj yeem ncav cuag 92.4% txog 98.1%, thiab kev tswj cov nyhuv tawm tsam pob zeb diamondback npauj (7 hnub) tuaj yeem ncav cuag 91.9% rau 96.8%, thiab daim ntawv thov muaj peev xwm loj heev.
Piv txwv li, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj neonicotinoid thiab amide tshuaj tua kab tsis tsuas yog txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov kab tsuag, tab sis kuj txo cov kev siv tshuaj, txo cov nqi kev lag luam, thiab txhawb kev txhim kho kev sib raug zoo nrog cov ecosystem ib puag ncig. Amide tshuaj tua kab yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj xyuas cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab muaj kev hloov pauv zoo rau qee cov tshuaj tua kab uas muaj tshuaj lom thiab muaj lub sijhawm ntev. Kev sib koom ua lag luam maj mam nce ntxiv, thiab lawv muaj kev loj hlob dav dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb tiag tiag.
5 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab benzoylurea
Benzoylurea insecticides yog chitinase synthesis inhibitors, uas rhuav tshem cov kab tsuag los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob. Nws tsis yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim cov kab mob sib kis nrog lwm yam tshuaj tua kab, thiab tuaj yeem tswj tau cov hom phiaj tiv thaiv kab mob organophosphorus thiab pyrethroid tshuaj tua kab. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv neonicotinoid tshuaj tua kab formulations. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Table 2: kev sib xyaw ntawm imidacloprid, thiamethoxam thiab diflubenzuron muaj kev sib koom ua ke zoo ntawm kev tswj cov leek larvae, thiab cov nyhuv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum thiamethoxam thiab diflubenzuron yog compounded ntawm 5: 1. Cov tshuaj lom neeg yog siab li 207.4. Thaum qhov sib xyaw ntawm clothianidin thiab flufenoxuron yog 2: 1, co-toxicity coefficient tiv thaiv tus me nyuam ntawm leek larvae yog 176.5, thiab kev tswj cov nyhuv hauv thaj teb mus txog 94.4%. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cyclofenapyr thiab ntau yam tshuaj tua kab benzoylurea xws li polyflubenzuron thiab flufenoxuron muaj kev tswj xyuas zoo ntawm cov npauj npaim thiab cov nplooj nplej nplej, nrog rau co-toxicity coefficient ntawm 100.7 txog 228.9, uas tuaj yeem txo cov peev txheej ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab kom muaj nuj nqis.
Piv nrog rau organophosphorus thiab pyrethroid tshuaj tua kab, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab tshuaj tua kab benzoylurea yog ntau dua nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog txoj kev loj hlob lub tswv yim ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntsuab, uas tuaj yeem nthuav dav kev tswj hwm thiab txo cov tswv yim ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab. Ib puag ncig ecological kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb dua.
6 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab necrotoxin
Neretoxin insecticides yog nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, uas tuaj yeem ua rau kab mob lom thiab tuag los ntawm inhibiting qhov kev sib kis ntawm cov neurotransmitters. Vim nws daim ntawv thov dav, tsis muaj kev nqus dej thiab fumigation, nws yooj yim los tsim kev tiv thaiv. Kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm cov nplej qia borer thiab tri qia borer pejxeem uas tau tsim kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid yog qhov zoo. Table 2 taw qhia: thaum imidacloprid thiab tshuaj tua kab ib leeg yog sib xyaw ua ke hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 2: 68, kev tswj cov kab mob ntawm Diploxin yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab cov co-toxicity coefficient yog 146.7. Thaum qhov piv ntawm thiamethoxam thiab insecticidal ib tus neeg sawv cev yog 1: 1, muaj kev sib koom ua ke tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob kws aphids, thiab cov co-toxicity coefficient yog 214.2. Kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm 40% thiamethoxam · tshuaj tua kab ib tus neeg raug tshem tawm tseem yog siab li 15th hnub 93.0% ~ 97.0%, cov nyhuv ntev ntev, thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb rau pob kws loj hlob. Lub 50% imidacloprid · insecticide nplhaib soluble hmoov muaj kev tswj zoo heev ntawm cov kua txiv kab ntxwv kab npauj, thiab kev tswj cov nyhuv yog siab li 79.8% mus rau 91.7% 15 hnub tom qab cov kab tsuag tau tawg tag.
Raws li cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm nws tus kheej tsim los ntawm kuv lub teb chaws, cov tshuaj tua kab yog rhiab heev rau cov nyom, uas txwv nws txoj kev siv rau qee yam. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab necrotoxin thiab cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid muab kev tswj xyuas ntau dua rau kev tswj cov kab tsuag hauv kev tsim khoom tiag tiag, thiab tseem yog ib qho kev thov zoo hauv kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab compounding.
7 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab heterocyclic
Cov tshuaj tua kab heterocyclic yog cov siv dav tshaj plaws thiab cov tshuaj tua kab ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj lub sijhawm ntev nyob hauv ib puag ncig thiab nyuaj rau degrade. Kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid tuaj yeem txo qhov ntau npaum ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab heterocyclic thiab txo phytotoxicity, thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab qis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Table 3: thaum qhov sib piv ntawm imidacloprid thiab pymetrozine yog 1: 3, co-toxicity coefficient nce siab tshaj 616.2; Planthopper tswj yog ob qho tib si ceev-ua thiab kav ntev. Imidacloprid, dinotefuran thiab thiacloprid tau ua ke nrog mesylconazole raws li los tswj cov kab mob ntawm cov kab loj loj dub, cov kab mob me me, thiab cov kab ditch beetle. Thiacloprid, nitenpyram thiab chlorothiline tau ua ke nrog Kev sib xyaw ntawm mesylconazole muaj kev tswj xyuas zoo heev ntawm citrus psyllids. Kev sib xyaw ntawm 7 neonicotinoid insecticides xws li imidacloprid, thiamethoxam thiab chlorfenapyr muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tswj cov leek maggots. Thaum qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm thiamethoxam thiab fipronil yog 2: 1-71: 1, co-toxicity coefficient yog 152.2-519.2, qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm thiamethoxam thiab chlorfenapyr yog 217: 1, thiab co-toxicity coefficient yog 857.4, muaj qhov pom tseeb. tswj cov nyhuv ntawm termites. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm thiamethoxam thiab fipronil ua tus neeg sawv cev kho cov noob tuaj yeem txo qhov ntom ntawm cov kab tsuag nplej hauv thaj teb thiab tiv thaiv cov noob qoob loo thiab cov noob qoob loo. Thaum qhov sib xyaw ntawm acetamiprid thiab fipronil yog 1:10, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv tsev yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, kev npaj tshuaj tua kab heterocyclic feem ntau yog fungicides, suav nrog pyridines, pyrroles thiab pyrazoles. Nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb zus tau tej cov noob hnav, txhim kho tus nqi germination, thiab txo cov kab tsuag thiab kab mob. Nws kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb rau cov qoob loo thiab cov kab mob uas tsis yog hom phiaj. Heterocyclic tshuaj tua kab, raws li kev npaj ua ke rau kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab tsuag thiab kab mob, muaj lub luag haujlwm zoo hauv kev txhawb nqa kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb ntsuab, qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm kev txuag lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm, kev lag luam thiab kev tsim khoom.
8 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj tua kab mob ua liaj ua teb
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob lom neeg thiab tshuaj tua kab mob ua liaj ua teb ua haujlwm qeeb, muaj lub sijhawm luv luv, thiab cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, lawv tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke zoo, nthuav cov kev tswj hwm, thiab tseem ua kom ntev ntev thiab txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Table 3 tias kev sib xyaw ntawm imidacloprid thiab Beauveria bassiana lossis Metarhizium anisopliae tau nce cov tshuaj tua kab los ntawm 60.0% thiab 50.6% raws li tom qab 96 h piv nrog rau kev siv Beauveria bassiana thiab Metarhizium anisopliae ib leeg. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm thiamethoxam thiab Metarhizium anisopliae tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tuag tag nrho thiab cov kab mob fungal ntawm cov kab txaj. Qhov thib ob, kev sib xyaw ntawm imidacloprid thiab Metarhizium anisopliae muaj kev sib koom ua ke tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj cov kab ntev ntev, txawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm cov kab mob fungal tau txo qis. Kev siv cov imidacloprid thiab nematodes sib xyaw tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev kis kab mob ntawm cov xuab zeb, yog li txhim kho lawv cov kev mob siab rau thiab kev tswj cov kab mob lom. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm 7 cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab oxymatrine muaj kev tswj xyuas zoo ntawm cov qoob loo cog qoob loo, thiab cov co-toxicity coefficient yog 123.2-173.0. Tsis tas li ntawd, co-toxicity coefficient ntawm clothianidin thiab abamectin nyob rau hauv 4: 1 sib tov rau Bemisia tabaci yog 171.3, thiab kev sib koom ua ke yog qhov tseem ceeb. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm nitenpyram thiab abamectin yog 1: 4, kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm N. lugens rau 7 hnub tuaj yeem ncav cuag 93.1%. Thaum qhov piv ntawm clothianidin rau spinosad yog 5∶44, kev tswj cov nyhuv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv B. citricarpa cov neeg laus, nrog cov co-toxicity coefficient ntawm 169.8, thiab tsis muaj crossover ntawm spinosad thiab feem ntau neonicotinoids tau pom muaj kev tiv thaiv, ua ke nrog kev tswj xyuas zoo. .
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob lom neeg yog qhov chaw kub kub hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb ntsuab. Feem ntau Beauveria bassiana thiab Metarhizium anisopliae muaj kev sib koom ua ke zoo nrog cov tshuaj siv tshuaj. Ib tus neeg sawv cev lom neeg yooj yim cuam tshuam los ntawm huab cua, thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig tsis ruaj khov. Kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid kov yeej qhov tsis txaus no. Thaum txo tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob, nws ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm sai thiab ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke. Kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj spectrum tau nthuav dav, thiab lub nra ntawm ib puag ncig tau raug txo. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob lom thiab tshuaj tua kab muab ib lub tswv yim tshiab rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab ntsuab, thiab daim ntawv thov kev cia siab yog loj heev.
9 Kev nce qib hauv kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj tua kab
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab lwm yam tshuaj tua kab kuj pom muaj kev tswj xyuas zoo heev. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Table 3 tias thaum imidacloprid thiab thiamethoxam tau ua ke nrog tebuconazole ua cov tshuaj kho cov noob, kev tswj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nplej aphid tau zoo heev, thiab tsis yog lub hom phiaj Biosafety thaum txhim kho cov noob qoob loo. Kev npaj ua ke ntawm imidacloprid, triazolone thiab dinconazole tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tswj cov kab mob nplej thiab kab tsuag. % ～ 99.1%. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thiab syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) muaj qhov pom tseeb ua haujlwm zoo ntawm paj rwb aphid. Thaum qhov sib piv loj ntawm thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram thiab penpyramid yog 50: 1-1: 50, cov co-toxicity coefficient yog 129.0-186.0, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau zoo thiab tswj cov kab mob piercing-sucking mouthpart. Thaum qhov sib piv ntawm epoxifen thiab phenoxycarb yog 1: 4, co-toxicity coefficient yog 250.0, thiab kev tswj cov nyhuv ntawm cov nplej planthopper yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Kev sib xyaw ntawm imidacloprid thiab amitimidine tau pom tseeb inhibitory cuam tshuam ntawm paj rwb aphid, thiab qhov sib koom ua ke yog qhov siab tshaj plaws thaum imidacloprid yog qhov qis tshaj ntawm LC10. Thaum qhov sib piv loj ntawm thiamethoxam thiab spirotetramat yog 10: 30-30: 10, co-toxicity coefficient yog 109.8-246.5, thiab tsis muaj phytotoxic nyhuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj ntxhia roj cov tshuaj tua kab ntsuab, diatomaceous lub ntiaj teb thiab lwm yam tshuaj tua kab lossis cov tshuaj tua kab ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tswj xyuas cov kab tsuag.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lwm cov tshuaj tua kab feem ntau suav nrog triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidines, amitraz, quaternary keto acids, ntxhia roj thiab diatomaceous ntiaj teb, thiab lwm yam. Thaum kuaj tshuaj tua kab, peb yuav tsum ceeb toom rau qhov teeb meem ntawm phytotoxicity thiab txheeb xyuas cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib txawv. hom tshuaj tua kab. Compounding piv txwv kuj qhia tau hais tias ntau thiab ntau hom tshuaj tua kab tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid, muab ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev tswj kab tsuag.
10 Xaus thiab Outlook
Kev siv ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid tau ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag, thiab lawv cov kev tsis zoo hauv zej zog thiab kev noj qab haus huv raug cuam tshuam tau dhau los ua qhov kev tshawb fawb hotspots thiab teeb meem kev thov. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sib txawv lossis kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab sib xyaw ua ke yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ncua sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv, txo kev siv thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab tseem yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb rau kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab hauv kev ua liaj ua teb tiag tiag. Daim ntawv no tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv thov kev nce qib ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid ua ke nrog lwm hom tshuaj tua kab, thiab qhia meej txog qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sib xyaw: ① ncua tshuaj tiv thaiv; ② txhim kho kev tswj hwm; ③ nthuav dav tswj spectrum; ④ Txhim kho lub sijhawm ua haujlwm; ⑤ txhim kho cov nyhuv nrawm ⑥ Tswj cov qoob loo loj hlob; ⑦ Txo kev siv tshuaj tua kab; ⑧ Txhim kho kev pheej hmoo ib puag ncig; ⑨ Txo cov nqi nyiaj txiag; ⑩ Txhim kho tshuaj tua kab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev saib xyuas siab yuav tsum tau them rau kev sib koom ua ke ib puag ncig ntawm cov qauv tsim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kab mob uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj (piv txwv li, cov yeeb ncuab ntuj ntawm cov kab tsuag) thiab cov qoob loo rhiab nyob rau theem kev loj hlob sib txawv, nrog rau cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb xws li. raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tswj cov teebmeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab. Kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab ib txwm siv sijhawm thiab siv zog ua haujlwm, nrog cov nqi siab thiab kev tshawb fawb ntev thiab kev loj hlob. Raws li lwm txoj kev ntsuas zoo, cov tshuaj tua kab sib xyaw ua ke, nws txoj kev tsim nyog, kev tshawb fawb thiab cov qauv siv tsis tau tsuas yog ua rau lub voj voog ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab, tab sis kuj txhawb nqa lub voj voog zoo ntawm kev tswj kab tsuag. Kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov ntawm ib puag ncig ecological muab kev txhawb nqa zoo.
Post lub sij hawm: May-23-2022