Tus nqi zoo tshaj cog Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa
Natua ur
Indoleacetic acid yog cov organic.Cov khoom ntshiab yog cov nplooj tsis muaj xim tsis muaj xim lossis crystalline hmoov.Nws puv rosy thaum raug teeb.Melting point 165-166 ℃ (168-170 ℃).Soluble nyob rau hauv anhydrous ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, soluble nyob rau hauv ether thiab acetone.Insoluble hauv benzene, toluene, roj av thiab chloroform.Insoluble hauv dej, nws cov tshuaj aqueous tuaj yeem decomposed los ntawm ultraviolet lub teeb, tab sis ruaj khov rau pom lub teeb.Cov ntsev sodium thiab potassium ntsev yog qhov ruaj khov dua li cov kua qaub nws tus kheej thiab yooj yim soluble hauv dej.Yooj yim decarboxylated rau 3-methylindole (skatine).Nws muaj ib tug duality rau cog kev loj hlob, thiab ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj sib txawv rhiab heev rau nws, feem ntau cov hauv paus hniav yog loj dua lub bud yog loj dua qia.Cov nroj tsuag sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv rhiab heev rau nws.
Txoj kev npaj
3-indole acetonitrile yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm indole, formaldehyde thiab potassium cyanide ntawm 150 ℃, 0.9 ~ 1MPa, thiab tom qab ntawd hydrolyzed los ntawm potassium hydroxide.Los yog los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm indole nrog glycolic acid.Hauv 3L stainless hlau autoclave, 270g (4.1mol) 85% potassium hydroxide, 351g (3mol) indole tau ntxiv, thiab tom qab ntawd 360g (3.3mol) 70% hydroxy acetic acid aqueous tov tau maj mam ntxiv.Kaw cua sov rau 250 ℃, stirring rau 18h.Txias kom qis dua 50 ℃, ntxiv 500 ml dej, thiab do ntawm 100 ℃ rau 30 feeb kom yaj cov poov tshuaj indole-3-acetate.Txias rau 25 ℃, ncuav cov khoom siv autoclave rau hauv dej, thiab ntxiv dej kom txog thaum tag nrho cov ntim yog 3L.Cov txheej txheej aqueous tau muab rho tawm nrog 500ml ethyl ether, acidified nrog hydrochloric acid ntawm 20-30 ℃, thiab precipitated nrog indole-3-acetic acid.Lim, ntxuav hauv dej txias, qhuav kom deb ntawm lub teeb, khoom 455-490g.
Biochemical tseem ceeb
Khoom
Yooj yim decomposed nyob rau hauv lub teeb thiab cua, tsis ruaj khov.Muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu.Soluble hauv dej kub, ethanol, acetone, ether thiab ethyl acetate, me ntsis soluble hauv dej, benzene, chloroform;Nws yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv alkaline tov thiab yog thawj yaj nyob rau hauv ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm 95% cawv thiab ces yaj nyob rau hauv dej mus rau tus nqi tsim nyog thaum npaj nrog cov khoom ntshiab crystallization.
Siv
Siv raws li cog kev loj hlob stimulant thiab analytical reagent.3-indole acetic acid thiab lwm yam auxin tshuaj xws li 3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile thiab ascorbic acid muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm.Lub precursor ntawm 3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis hauv cov nroj tsuag yog tryptophan.Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm auxin yog tswj hwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsis tsuas yog txhawb kev loj hlob, tab sis kuj inhibit kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev.Auxin tsis tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub xeev dawb nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag hlwb, tab sis kuj muaj nyob rau hauv bound auxin uas muaj zog khi rau biopolymeric acid, thiab lwm yam. Auxin kuj tsim conjugations nrog tshwj xeeb tshuaj, xws li indole-acetyl asparagine, apentose indole-acetyl qabzib, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog ib txoj kev cia ntawm auxin nyob rau hauv lub cell, thiab kuj yog ib txoj kev detoxification kom tshem tawm cov toxicity ntawm tshaj auxin.
nyhuv
cog auxin.Cov tshuaj hormones loj tshaj plaws hauv cov nroj tsuag yog indoleacetic acid.Indoleacetic acid tuaj yeem txhawb kev tsim ntawm cov paj saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm cov nroj tsuag tua, tua, seedlings, thiab lwm yam. Nws precursor yog tryptophan.Indoleacetic acid yog ibcog kev loj hlob hormone.Somatin muaj ntau yam teebmeem physiological, uas muaj feem xyuam rau nws cov concentration.Tsawg concentration tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob, siab concentration yuav inhibit qhov kev loj hlob thiab txawm ua rau cov nroj tsuag tuag, qhov inhibition no muaj feem xyuam rau seb nws puas tuaj yeem tsim cov ethylene.Cov teebmeem physiological ntawm auxin yog tshwm sim ntawm ob theem.Nyob rau theem cellular, auxin tuaj yeem txhawb kev faib cov cell;Stimulating ceg cell elongation thiab inhibiting cag cell loj hlob;Txhawb nqa xylem thiab phloem cell sib txawv, txhawb cov plaub hau txiav cov hauv paus hniav thiab tswj callus morphogenesis.Nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab tag nrho cov nroj tsuag theem, auxin ua los ntawm yub mus rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo kom loj hlob.Auxin tswj cov noob mesocotyl elongation nrog thim rov qab lub teeb liab inhibition;Thaum cov indoleacetic acid hloov mus rau sab qis ntawm ceg, ceg yuav tsim geotropism.Phototropism tshwm sim thaum indoleacetic acid hloov mus rau sab nraub qaum ntawm cov ceg.Indoleacetic acid ua rau apex dominance.Ncua nplooj senescence;Auxin siv rau nplooj inhibited abscission, thaum auxin thov mus rau qhov kawg ntawm abscission txhawb abscission.Auxin txhawb kev paj, induces parthenocarpy txoj kev loj hlob, thiab qeeb txiv hmab txiv ntoo ripening.
Thov
Indoleacetic acid muaj qhov dav dav thiab siv ntau, tab sis nws tsis yog siv ntau vim nws yooj yim rau degrade hauv thiab tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag.Nyob rau theem pib, nws tau siv los ua kom muaj parthenocarpous thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo-setting ntawm txiv lws suav.Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm flowering, cov paj tau soaked nrog 3000 mg / l kua los tsim seedless txiv lws suav txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txhim kho txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhov chaw.Ib qho ntawm cov kev siv ntxov tshaj plaws yog los txhawb lub rooting ntawm cuttings.Soaking lub hauv paus ntawm cuttings nrog 100 mus rau 1000 mg / l ntawm cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm txhawb kev tsim ntawm adventitious keeb kwm ntawm tshuaj yej tsob ntoo, pos hniav, ntoo qhib ntoo, metasequoia, kua txob thiab lwm yam qoob loo, thiab accelerate tus nqi ntawm kev noj haus kev yug me nyuam.1 ~ 10 mg / l indoleacetic acid thiab 10 mg / L oxamyline tau siv los txhawb kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov nplej.25 mus rau 400 mg / l ntawm kua tshuaj tsuag chrysanthemum ib zaug (hauv 9 teev ntawm photoperiod), tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm paj buds, ncua flowering.Loj hlob nyob rau hauv tshav ntuj ntev mus rau 10 -5 mol / l concentration sprayed ib zaug, tuaj yeem ua rau cov poj niam paj.Kev kho cov noob beet txhawb kev loj hlob thiab nce cov hauv paus tuber tawm los thiab cov ntsiab lus qab zib.
Taw qhia rau auxin
Taw qhia
Auxin (auxin) yog ib chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones endogenous uas muaj lub nplhaib tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw qab thiab ib qho acetic acid sab saw, lus Askiv abbreviation IAA, thoob ntiaj teb ntau, yog indole acetic acid (IAA).Xyoo 1934, Guo Ge et al.tau txheeb xyuas tias nws yog indole acetic acid, yog li nws yog ib qho kev cai uas feem ntau siv indole acetic acid ua ib lub ntsiab lus rau auxin.Auxin yog synthesized nyob rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv txuas ntxiv thiab apical meristem, thiab yog sau los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv paus los ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm phloem.Cov hauv paus hniav kuj tsim auxin, uas yog thauj los ntawm qab mus.Auxin nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag yog tsim los ntawm tryptophan los ntawm ib tug series ntawm intermediates.Txoj kev tseem ceeb yog los ntawm indoleacetaldehyde.Indole acetaldehyde tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm oxidation thiab deamination ntawm tryptophan rau indole pyruvate thiab tom qab ntawd decarboxylated, los yog nws tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm oxidation thiab deamination ntawm tryptophan rau tryptamine.Tom qab ntawd lub indole acetaldehyde yog reoxidized rau indole acetic acid.Lwm txoj hauv kev ua hluavtaws yog kev hloov pauv ntawm tryptophan los ntawm indole acetonitrile mus rau indole acetic acid.Indoleacetic acid tuaj yeem ua tsis tau los ntawm kev khi nrog aspartic acid rau indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol rau indoleacetic acid rau inositol, qabzib rau glucoside, thiab protein rau indoleacetic acid-protein complex hauv cov nroj tsuag.Indoleacetic acid feem ntau suav nrog 50-90% ntawm indoleacetic acid hauv cov nroj tsuag, uas tej zaum yuav yog ib daim ntawv khaws cia ntawm auxin hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.Indoleacetic acid tuaj yeem decomposed los ntawm oxidation ntawm indoleacetic acid, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.Auxins muaj ntau yam physiological teebmeem, uas muaj feem xyuam rau lawv cov concentration.Tsawg concentration tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob, siab concentration yuav inhibit qhov kev loj hlob thiab txawm ua rau cov nroj tsuag tuag, qhov inhibition no muaj feem xyuam rau seb nws puas tuaj yeem tsim cov ethylene.Cov teebmeem physiological ntawm auxin tau tshwm sim ntawm ob theem.Nyob rau theem cellular, auxin tuaj yeem txhawb kev faib cov cell;Stimulating ceg cell elongation thiab inhibiting cag cell loj hlob;Txhawb nqa xylem thiab phloem cell sib txawv, txhawb cov plaub hau txiav cov hauv paus hniav thiab tswj callus morphogenesis.Nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab tag nrho cov nroj tsuag theem, auxin ua los ntawm yub mus rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo kom loj hlob.Auxin tswj cov noob mesocotyl elongation nrog thim rov qab lub teeb liab inhibition;Thaum cov indoleacetic acid hloov mus rau sab qis ntawm ceg, ceg yuav tsim geotropism.Phototropism tshwm sim thaum indoleacetic acid hloov mus rau sab nraub qaum ntawm cov ceg.Indoleacetic acid ua rau apex dominance.Ncua nplooj senescence;Auxin siv rau nplooj inhibited abscission, thaum auxin thov mus rau qhov kawg ntawm abscission txhawb abscission.Auxin txhawb kev paj, induces parthenocarpy txoj kev loj hlob, thiab qeeb txiv hmab txiv ntoo ripening.Ib tug neeg tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm cov tshuaj hormones receptors.Ib qho tshuaj hormone receptor yog ib qho loj ntawm cov cell molecular uas khi tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuaj hormones sib xws thiab tom qab ntawd pib ua ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv.Cov complex ntawm indoleacetic acid thiab receptor muaj ob qhov teebmeem: ua ntej, nws ua rau cov proteins membrane, cuam tshuam rau nruab nrab acidification, ion twj tso kua mis thauj thiab nro hloov, uas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai (<10 feeb);Qhov thib ob yog ua rau cov nucleic acids, ua rau cov phab ntsa hloov pauv ntawm tes thiab cov protein synthesis, uas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qeeb (10 feeb).Medium acidification yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm tes.Indoleacetic acid tuaj yeem qhib lub enzyme ATP (adenosine triphosphate) enzyme ntawm cov ntshav plasma, txhawb cov hydrogen ions kom ntws tawm ntawm lub cell, txo cov pH tus nqi nruab nrab, kom cov enzyme qhib, hydrolyze polysaccharide ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes, yog li. tias phab ntsa ntawm tes yog softened thiab lub cell yog nthuav.Kev tswj hwm ntawm indoleacetic acid ua rau pom cov neeg xa xov tshwj xeeb RNA (mRNA), uas hloov pauv cov protein synthesis.Indoleacetic acid kev kho mob kuj tau hloov cov elasticity ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes, tso cai rau kev loj hlob ntawm tes.Kev loj hlob txhawb nqa cov nyhuv ntawm auxin yog tsuas yog los txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov elongation ntawm cov hlwb, thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cell division.Ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas xav tias lub teeb stimulation yog nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qia, tab sis qhov khoov yog nyob rau hauv qis ntawm lub ntsis, uas yog vim hais tias cov hlwb hauv qab lub taub yog loj hlob thiab nthuav, thiab nws yog lub feem ntau rhiab heev. lub sij hawm mus rau auxin, yog li cov auxin muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws rau nws txoj kev loj hlob.Kev laus cov ntaub so ntswg loj hlob hormone tsis ua haujlwm.Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas auxin tuaj yeem txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov cag ntawm cuttings yog tias auxin tuaj yeem hloov pauv kev faib cov as-ham hauv cov nroj tsuag, thiab ntau cov as-ham tau txais nyob rau hauv ib feem nrog nplua nuj auxin faib, tsim lub chaw faib khoom.Auxin tuaj yeem ua rau cov txiv lws suav tsis muaj noob vim tias tom qab kho cov txiv lws suav tsis muaj txiv hmab txiv ntoo nrog auxin, lub zes qe menyuam ntawm cov noob txiv lws suav dhau los ua qhov chaw faib khoom noj, thiab cov as-ham uas tsim los ntawm photosynthesis ntawm nplooj yog txuas mus rau zes qe menyuam, thiab zes qe menyuam tsim. .
Ntau tiam, kev thauj mus los thiab kev faib tawm
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm auxin synthesis yog cov ntaub so ntswg meristant, feem ntau yog cov tub ntxhais hluas buds, nplooj, thiab tsim cov noob.Auxin yog faib nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag lub cev, tab sis nws yog ib tug tseem concentrated nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm kev loj hlob, xws li lub coleopedia, buds, paus apex meristem, cambium, tsim noob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo.Muaj peb txoj hauv kev ntawm auxin thauj hauv cov nroj tsuag: kev thauj mus los tom qab, kev thauj mus los ntawm lub ncov qaumteb qabteb thiab kev thauj tsis yog-polar.Kev thauj mus los tom qab (kev thauj khoom rov qab ntawm auxin nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm lub coleoptile tshwm sim los ntawm lub teeb unilateral, nyob ze ntawm av sab thauj ntawm auxin nyob rau hauv cov hauv paus hniav thiab stems ntawm cov nroj tsuag thaum transverse).Polar thauj (los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm morphology mus rau qis kawg ntawm morphology).Kev thauj tsis-polar (hauv cov ntaub so ntswg paub tab, auxin tuaj yeem tsis yog-polar thauj los ntawm phloem).
Duality ntawm physiological kev txiav txim
Tsawg concentration txhawb kev loj hlob, siab dua concentration inhibits kev loj hlob.Cov nroj tsuag sib txawv muaj cov kev xav tau sib txawv rau qhov kev pom zoo ntawm auxin.Qhov zoo tshaj plaws concentration yog hais txog 10E-10mol / L rau cov hauv paus hniav, 10E-8mol / L rau buds thiab 10E-5mol / L rau stems.Auxin analogues (xws li naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, thiab lwm yam) feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom los tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag.Piv txwv li, thaum taum sprouts raug tsim, cov concentration haum rau qia loj hlob yog siv los kho cov taum sprouts.Yog li ntawd, cov hauv paus hniav thiab buds yog inhibited, thiab stems tsim los ntawm hypocotyl yog heev tsim.Lub apex kom zoo dua ntawm cov qia kev loj hlob yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev thauj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau auxin thiab duality ntawm auxin physiological teebmeem.Lub apex bud ntawm cov qia qia yog feem ntau nquag siv ntawm auxin ntau lawm, tab sis cov concentration ntawm auxin tsim nyob rau hauv lub apex bud yog tas li thauj mus rau lub qia los ntawm active thauj, yog li ntawd lub concentration ntawm auxin nyob rau hauv lub apex bud nws tus kheej yog tsis siab, thaum lub concentration ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas qia yog siab dua.Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau qia kev loj hlob, tab sis muaj cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm buds.Qhov siab dua qhov concentration ntawm auxin nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm los ze zog mus rau sab saum toj bud, lub zog inhibitory nyhuv ntawm sab bud, uas yog vim li cas muaj ntau yam siab nroj tsuag tsim ib tug pej thuam zoo.Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus nroj tsuag muaj qhov muaj zog apex dominance, thiab qee cov nroj tsuag pib degrade los yog txawm tias shrinkage tom qab kev loj hlob ntawm apex bud rau ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm, poob tus thawj apex dominance, yog li cov ntoo zoo li cov nroj tsuag tsis yog lub paj. .Vim tias qhov siab ntawm auxin muaj cov nyhuv ntawm inhibiting cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob, zus tau tej cov concentration ntawm auxin analogues kuj yuav siv tau raws li herbicides, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov nroj tsuag dicotyledonous.
Auxin analogues: NAA, 2, 4-D.Vim tias auxin muaj me me hauv cov nroj tsuag, thiab nws tsis yooj yim rau khaws cia.Txhawm rau tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, los ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis, tib neeg tau pom auxin analogues, uas muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws thiab tuaj yeem tsim tawm ntau, thiab tau siv dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb.Cov nyhuv ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm auxin faib: keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm stems thiab hauv av loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, yog vim li cas yog lub ntiaj teb gravity ua rau lub uneven tis ntawm auxin, uas yog ntau faib nyob rau hauv lub ze ntawm lub ntiaj teb. lub qia thiab tsis tshua faib rau sab nraub qaum.Vim tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm auxin nyob rau hauv qia yog siab, ntau auxin nyob ze ntawm qia txhawb nws, yog li qhov ze ntawm qia loj hlob sai dua li sab nraub qaum, thiab khaws qhov kev loj hlob ntawm qia.Rau cov hauv paus hniav, vim hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws concentration ntawm auxin nyob rau hauv cov hauv paus hniav yog tsawg heev, ntau auxin nyob ze rau hauv av sab muaj ib tug inhibitory nyhuv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav, yog li ntawd qhov kev loj hlob ntawm ze rau hauv av sab yog qeeb dua li ntawm sab nraub qaum, thiab Geotropic kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav yog khaws cia.Yog tsis muaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, cov hauv paus hniav tsis tas yuav loj hlob.Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov nroj tsuag loj hlob: cov hauv paus loj hlob mus rau hauv av thiab qia kev loj hlob nyob deb ntawm hauv av yog induced los ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm uneven tis ntawm auxin nyob rau hauv induction ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.Hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov hnyav ntawm qhov chaw, vim qhov poob ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, qhov kev loj hlob ntawm qia yuav poob nws rov qab, thiab cov hauv paus hniav tseem yuav poob cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev loj hlob hauv av.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm qia kev loj hlob tseem muaj, thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm auxin tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.
