Cov Nqe Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm Cov Tshuaj Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa
Nature
Indoleacetic acid yog ib yam khoom organic. Cov khoom ntshiab yog cov nplooj tsis muaj xim lossis cov hmoov crystalline. Nws hloov liab thaum raug lub teeb. Melting point 165-166 ℃ (168-170 ℃). Yaj hauv anhydrous ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, yaj hauv ether thiab acetone. Insoluble hauv benzene, toluene, roj av thiab chloroform. Insoluble hauv dej, nws cov kua dej tuaj yeem decomposed los ntawm lub teeb ultraviolet, tab sis ruaj khov rau lub teeb pom kev. Cov ntsev sodium thiab ntsev potassium ruaj khov dua li cov kua qaub nws tus kheej thiab yooj yim yaj hauv dej. Yooj yim decarboxylated rau 3-methylindole (skatine). Nws muaj ob qho tib si rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab ntau qhov ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj kev nkag siab sib txawv rau nws, feem ntau cov hauv paus hniav loj dua li lub paj loj dua li cov qia. Cov nroj tsuag sib txawv muaj kev nkag siab sib txawv rau nws.
Txoj kev npaj
3-indole acetonitrile yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm indole, formaldehyde thiab potassium cyanide ntawm 150 ℃, 0.9 ~ 1MPa, thiab tom qab ntawd hydrolyzed los ntawm potassium hydroxide. Los yog los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm indole nrog glycolic acid. Hauv 3L stainless hlau autoclave, 270g (4.1mol) 85% potassium hydroxide, 351g (3mol) indole tau ntxiv, thiab tom qab ntawd 360g (3.3mol) 70% hydroxy acetic acid aqueous solution tau maj mam ntxiv. Kaw cua sov rau 250 ℃, do rau 18 teev. Txias kom qis dua 50 ℃, ntxiv 500ml dej, thiab do ntawm 100 ℃ rau 30 feeb kom yaj potassium indole-3-acetate. Txias rau 25 ℃, ncuav cov khoom autoclave rau hauv dej, thiab ntxiv dej kom txog thaum tag nrho cov ntim yog 3L. Cov txheej aqueous tau rho tawm nrog 500ml ethyl ether, acidified nrog hydrochloric acid ntawm 20-30 ℃, thiab precipitated nrog indole-3-acetic acid. Lim, ntxuav nrog dej txias, ziab kom qhuav ntawm lub teeb, khoom 455-490g.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm biochemical
Vaj tse
Yooj yim lwj hauv lub teeb thiab huab cua, tsis yog khaws cia ruaj khov. Muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu. Yaj hauv dej kub, ethanol, acetone, ether thiab ethyl acetate, yaj me ntsis hauv dej, benzene, chloroform; Nws ruaj khov hauv cov kua alkaline thiab thawj zaug yaj hauv me me ntawm 95% cawv thiab tom qab ntawd yaj hauv dej kom txaus thaum npaj nrog cov khoom siv crystallization ntshiab.
Siv
Siv ua cov tshuaj txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tshuaj analytical. 3-indole acetic acid thiab lwm yam auxin xws li 3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile thiab ascorbic acid muaj nyob rau hauv xwm. Tus ua ntej ntawm 3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis hauv cov nroj tsuag yog tryptophan. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm auxin yog los tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsis yog tsuas yog txhawb kev loj hlob xwb, tab sis kuj tseem tiv thaiv kev loj hlob thiab kev tsim cov kab mob. Auxin tsis yog tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub xeev dawb hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tab sis kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov auxin khi uas khi rau biopolymeric acid, thiab lwm yam. Auxin kuj tsim cov conjugations nrog cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb, xws li indole-acetyl asparagine, apentose indole-acetyl glucose, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no yuav yog ib txoj kev khaws cia ntawm auxin hauv lub hlwb, thiab tseem yog ib txoj kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov auxin ntau dhau.
Cov nyhuv
Cov tshuaj auxin ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob feem ntau hauv cov nroj tsuag yog indoleacetic acid. Indoleacetic acid tuaj yeem txhawb kev tsim ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov noob cog, cov noob, thiab lwm yam. Nws cov ua ntej yog tryptophan. Indoleacetic acid yog ib qhocov tshuaj hormones loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Somatin muaj ntau yam teebmeem ntawm lub cev, uas cuam tshuam nrog nws qhov kev sib xyaw. Qhov kev sib xyaw tsawg tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob, qhov kev sib xyaw siab yuav txwv tsis pub loj hlob thiab txawm tias ua rau cov nroj tsuag tuag, qhov kev txwv no cuam tshuam nrog seb nws puas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ethylene. Cov teebmeem ntawm lub cev ntawm auxin tau pom tseeb ntawm ob theem. Ntawm theem cellular, auxin tuaj yeem txhawb kev faib cambium cell; Txhawb kev nthuav dav ntawm ceg cell thiab inhibiting kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus cell; Txhawb kev sib txawv ntawm xylem thiab phloem cell, txhawb kev txiav plaub hau hauv paus thiab tswj hwm callus morphogenesis. Ntawm theem ntawm lub cev thiab tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, auxin ua haujlwm los ntawm cov noob mus rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj hlob. Auxin tswj cov noob mesocotyl elongation nrog kev cuam tshuam rov qab liab lub teeb liab; Thaum cov indoleacetic acid raug hloov mus rau sab qis ntawm ceg, ceg yuav tsim geotropism. Phototropism tshwm sim thaum indoleacetic acid raug hloov mus rau sab backlit ntawm cov ceg. Indoleacetic acid ua rau apex dominance. Ncua nplooj senescence; Auxin siv rau ntawm nplooj tiv thaiv kev tawg paj, thaum auxin siv rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kev tawg paj ua rau kev tawg paj. Auxin txhawb kev tawg paj, ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm parthenocarpy, thiab qeeb kev siav txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Thov
Indoleacetic acid muaj ntau yam siv thiab siv tau ntau yam, tiam sis tsis tshua siv vim nws yooj yim lwj hauv thiab tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Thaum ntxov, nws tau siv los ua kom cov txiv lws suav parthenocarpous thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Thaum lub sijhawm tawg paj, cov paj tau muab 3000 mg/l kua ntub rau hauv kom cov txiv lws suav tsis muaj noob thiab txhim kho qhov ceev ntawm kev tawg paj. Ib qho ntawm kev siv thaum ntxov tshaj plaws yog los txhawb kev cog qoob loo. Kev ntub cov hauv paus ntawm cov ntoo txiav nrog 100 txog 1000 mg/l ntawm cov tshuaj kho mob tuaj yeem txhawb kev tsim cov hauv paus ntawm tsob ntoo tshuaj yej, tsob ntoo gum, tsob ntoo oak, metasequoia, kua txob thiab lwm yam qoob loo, thiab ua kom nrawm dua ntawm kev tsim cov khoom noj khoom haus. 1 ~ 10 mg/l indoleacetic acid thiab 10 mg/L oxamyline tau siv los txhawb kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov noob mov. 25 txog 400 mg/l ntawm cov kua txau chrysanthemum ib zaug (hauv 9 teev ntawm lub sijhawm photoperiod), tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tshwm sim ntawm cov paj, ncua kev tawg paj. Cog rau hauv qhov chaw kaj ntev mus txog 10-5 mol/l ib zaug, yuav ua rau paj poj niam ntau ntxiv. Kev siv cov noob beet ua rau cov noob tawg thiab ua rau cov hauv paus hniav ntau ntxiv thiab muaj suab thaj ntau ntxiv.
Kev Taw Qhia Txog Auxin
Kev Taw Qhia
Auxin (auxin) yog ib chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones endogenous uas muaj lub nplhaib aromatic unsaturated thiab ib sab saw acetic acid, lus Askiv luv luv IAA, lub npe thoob ntiaj teb, yog indole acetic acid (IAA). Xyoo 1934, Guo Ge et al. tau txheeb xyuas nws li indole acetic acid, yog li nws yog ib txwm siv indole acetic acid ua lub ntsiab lus rau auxin. Auxin yog synthesized hauv cov nplooj hluas ntev thiab apical meristem, thiab tau sau los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv paus los ntawm kev thauj mus los ntev ntawm phloem. Cov hauv paus kuj tsim auxin, uas yog thauj los ntawm hauv qab mus rau saum. Auxin hauv cov nroj tsuag yog tsim los ntawm tryptophan los ntawm ntau yam intermediates. Txoj kev tseem ceeb yog los ntawm indoleacetaldehyde. Indole acetaldehyde tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm oxidation thiab deamination ntawm tryptophan rau indole pyruvate thiab tom qab ntawd decarboxylated, lossis nws tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm oxidation thiab deamination ntawm tryptophan rau tryptamine. Cov indole acetaldehyde ces rov ua dua rau indole acetic acid. Lwm txoj hauv kev tsim tau yog kev hloov pauv ntawm tryptophan los ntawm indole acetonitrile mus rau indole acetic acid. Indoleacetic acid tuaj yeem ua rau tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm kev khi nrog aspartic acid mus rau indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol mus rau indoleacetic acid mus rau inositol, glucose mus rau glucoside, thiab protein mus rau indoleacetic acid-protein complex hauv cov nroj tsuag. Cov indoleacetic acid uas khi feem ntau suav txog 50-90% ntawm indoleacetic acid hauv cov nroj tsuag, uas yuav yog daim ntawv khaws cia ntawm auxin hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Indoleacetic acid tuaj yeem decomposed los ntawm oxidation ntawm indoleacetic acid, uas yog ib qho tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Auxins muaj ntau yam teebmeem physiological, uas cuam tshuam nrog lawv qhov concentration. Qhov concentration qis tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob, qhov concentration siab yuav inhibit kev loj hlob thiab txawm tias ua rau cov nroj tsuag tuag, qhov kev txwv no cuam tshuam nrog seb nws puas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ethylene. Cov teebmeem physiological ntawm auxin tau pom tseeb ntawm ob theem. Ntawm theem cellular, auxin tuaj yeem txhawb kev faib cambium cell; Txhawb kev nthuav dav ntawm ceg cell thiab tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus cell; Txhawb kev sib txawv ntawm xylem thiab phloem cell, txhawb kev txiav cov plaub hau hauv paus thiab tswj kev hloov pauv callus. Ntawm theem ntawm lub cev thiab tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, auxin ua haujlwm txij li cov noob mus txog rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj hlob. Auxin tswj cov noob mesocotyl elongation nrog kev tiv thaiv lub teeb liab rov qab; Thaum cov indoleacetic acid raug hloov mus rau sab qis ntawm ceg, ceg yuav tsim geotropism. Phototropism tshwm sim thaum indoleacetic acid raug hloov mus rau sab backlit ntawm cov ceg. Indoleacetic acid ua rau apex dominance. Ncua cov nplooj senescence; Auxin siv rau nplooj inhibited abscission, thaum auxin siv rau qhov kawg ntawm abscission txhawb abscission. Auxin txhawb kev tawg paj, ua rau parthenocarpy kev loj hlob, thiab qeeb cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ripening. Ib tug neeg tau los nrog lub tswv yim ntawm cov tshuaj hormones receptors. Ib tug hormone receptor yog ib qho loj molecular cell Cheebtsam uas khi tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuaj hormones sib xws thiab tom qab ntawd pib ib tug series ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm indoleacetic acid thiab receptor muaj ob qho teebmeem: thawj zaug, nws ua haujlwm rau cov protein membrane, cuam tshuam rau nruab nrab acidification, ion twj thauj thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog, uas yog qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai (<10 feeb); Qhov thib ob yog ua rau cov nucleic acids, ua rau cov phab ntsa cell hloov pauv thiab cov protein synthesis, uas yog ib qho kev cuam tshuam qeeb (10 feeb). Kev ua kom acidification ntawm cov nruab nrab yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov cell. Indoleacetic acid tuaj yeem ua kom cov enzyme ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ntawm cov plasma membrane ua haujlwm, ua kom cov hydrogen ions ntws tawm ntawm cov cell, txo cov pH ntawm cov nruab nrab, kom cov enzyme ua haujlwm, hydrolyze cov polysaccharide ntawm cov phab ntsa cell, kom cov phab ntsa cell mos thiab cov cell nthuav dav. Kev siv indoleacetic acid ua rau muaj cov kab ke tshwj xeeb ntawm messenger RNA (mRNA), uas hloov cov protein synthesis. Kev kho mob Indoleacetic acid kuj hloov qhov elasticity ntawm cov phab ntsa cell, ua rau cov cell loj hlob mus ntxiv. Cov txiaj ntsig txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm auxin feem ntau yog txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov cell, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev ntev ntawm cov cell, thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev faib cell. Qhov ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas hnov qhov kev txhawb nqa lub teeb yog nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub qia, tab sis qhov khoov yog nyob rau ntawm qhov qis dua ntawm qhov kawg, uas yog vim tias cov hlwb hauv qab qhov kawg loj hlob thiab nthuav dav, thiab nws yog lub sijhawm rhiab tshaj plaws rau auxin, yog li auxin muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws rau nws txoj kev loj hlob. Cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg laus tsis ua haujlwm. Qhov laj thawj vim li cas auxin tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov hauv paus ntawm kev txiav yog tias auxin tuaj yeem hloov pauv kev faib tawm ntawm cov as-ham hauv cov nroj tsuag, thiab ntau cov as-ham tau txais hauv qhov nrog kev faib tawm nplua nuj auxin, tsim lub chaw faib khoom. Auxin tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov txiv lws suav tsis muaj noob vim tias tom qab kho cov txiv lws suav tsis tau fertilized nrog auxin, lub zes qe menyuam ntawm cov txiv lws suav ua lub chaw faib khoom ntawm cov as-ham, thiab cov as-ham tsim los ntawm photosynthesis ntawm nplooj raug thauj mus rau lub zes qe menyuam tas li, thiab lub zes qe menyuam tsim.
Kev tsim khoom, kev thauj mus los thiab kev faib tawm
Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov auxin yog cov ntaub so ntswg meristant, feem ntau yog cov paj tshiab, nplooj, thiab cov noob uas tab tom loj hlob. Auxin tau muab faib rau hauv txhua lub cev ntawm lub cev cog, tab sis nws feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov qhov ntawm kev loj hlob zoo, xws li coleopedia, paj, cov hauv paus hniav apex meristem, cambium, cov noob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas tab tom loj hlob. Muaj peb txoj hauv kev ntawm kev thauj auxin hauv cov nroj tsuag: kev thauj mus los sab nraud, kev thauj mus los polar thiab kev thauj mus los tsis yog polar. Kev thauj mus los sab nraud (kev thauj mus los ntawm lub teeb backlight ntawm auxin hauv qhov kawg ntawm coleoptile tshwm sim los ntawm lub teeb unilateral, kev thauj mus los ze ntawm av ntawm auxin hauv cov hauv paus hniav thiab cov qia ntawm cov nroj tsuag thaum transverse). Kev thauj mus los polar (los ntawm qhov kawg sab saud ntawm morphology mus rau qhov kawg qis ntawm morphology). Kev thauj mus los tsis yog polar (hauv cov ntaub so ntswg laus, auxin tuaj yeem thauj mus los tsis yog polar los ntawm phloem).
Qhov ua ob yam ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev
Qhov concentration qis dua txhawb kev loj hlob, qhov concentration siab dua inhibits kev loj hlob. Cov noob nroj tsuag sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv xav tau rau qhov concentration zoo tshaj plaws ntawm auxin. Qhov concentration zoo tshaj plaws yog li 10E-10mol/L rau cov cag, 10E-8mol/L rau cov paj thiab 10E-5mol/L rau cov qia. Cov tshuaj auxin analogues (xws li naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, thiab lwm yam) feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom los tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Piv txwv li, thaum cov noob taum pauv tsim, qhov concentration tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov qia yog siv los kho cov noob taum pauv. Yog li ntawd, cov cag thiab cov paj raug inhibited, thiab cov qia tsim los ntawm hypocotyl tau tsim kho heev. Qhov zoo dua ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov qia cog yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau auxin thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm auxin physiological teebmeem. Lub paj apex ntawm cov qia nroj tsuag yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim cov auxin, tab sis qhov concentration ntawm auxin tsim tawm ntawm lub paj apex tas li thauj mus rau qia los ntawm kev thauj mus los, yog li qhov concentration ntawm auxin hauv lub paj apex nws tus kheej tsis siab, thaum qhov concentration hauv cov qia hluas siab dua. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev loj hlob ntawm qia, tab sis muaj cov nyhuv inhibitory rau cov paj. Qhov siab dua qhov concentration ntawm auxin nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ze rau lub paj sab saud, qhov muaj zog dua qhov inhibitory cuam tshuam rau sab paj, uas yog vim li cas ntau cov nroj tsuag siab tsim cov duab pagoda. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua cov nroj tsuag muaj lub zog apex dominance, thiab qee cov shrubs pib degrade lossis txawm tias shrink tom qab kev loj hlob ntawm lub paj apex rau ib lub sijhawm, poob qhov qub apex dominance, yog li cov ntoo zoo li ntawm shrub tsis yog pagoda. Vim tias qhov concentration siab ntawm auxin muaj cov nyhuv ntawm kev txwv tsis pub cov nroj tsuag loj hlob, kev tsim cov concentration siab ntawm auxin analogues kuj tseem siv tau ua tshuaj tua kab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov nroj tsuag dicotyledonous.
Cov tshuaj Auxin analogues: NAA, 2, 4-D. Vim tias auxin muaj me me hauv cov nroj tsuag, thiab nws tsis yooj yim rau kev khaws cia. Txhawm rau tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, los ntawm kev tsim tshuaj lom neeg, tib neeg tau pom cov tshuaj auxin analogues, uas muaj cov teebmeem zoo sib xws thiab tuaj yeem tsim ntau, thiab tau siv dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Cov nyhuv ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm kev faib tawm auxin: keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov qia thiab kev loj hlob hauv av ntawm cov hauv paus hniav yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm lub ntiaj teb, qhov laj thawj yog tias lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua rau muaj kev faib tawm tsis sib xws ntawm auxin, uas tau faib ntau dua nyob rau sab ze ntawm cov qia thiab tsawg dua faib rau sab nraub qaum. Vim tias qhov concentration zoo tshaj plaws ntawm auxin hauv qia siab, ntau auxin nyob rau sab ze ntawm cov qia txhawb nqa nws, yog li sab ze ntawm cov qia loj hlob sai dua li sab nraub qaum, thiab khaws cia kev loj hlob ntawm cov qia. Rau cov hauv paus, vim tias qhov concentration zoo tshaj plaws ntawm auxin hauv cov hauv paus qis heev, ntau auxin nyob ze ntawm sab hauv av muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb hauv paus, yog li kev loj hlob ntawm ze ntawm sab hauv av qeeb dua li ntawm sab nraub qaum, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus geotropic raug tswj hwm. Yog tsis muaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, cov hauv paus tsis tas yuav loj hlob. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov hnyav rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag: kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus mus rau hauv av thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov qia tawm ntawm hauv av yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev faib tawm tsis sib xws ntawm auxin nyob rau hauv qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis muaj qhov hnyav ntawm qhov chaw, vim yog qhov poob ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, kev loj hlob ntawm cov qia yuav poob nws qhov rov qab, thiab cov hauv paus kuj tseem yuav poob cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev loj hlob hauv av. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov zoo dua ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov qia tseem muaj, thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm auxin tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.
